Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was derived from the Mongol's phags-pa script. There are 19 consonants () and 21 vowels () used in the modern alphabet. Hangul This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 08:30. A syllable with a high pitch () was marked with a dot () to the left of it (when writing vertically); a syllable with a rising pitch () was marked with a double dot, like a colon (). Once the international layout is set up typing becomes a lot easier like on a Mac. Therefore, they are declined in the third declension, but they are not declined as i-stems. Cool Math Games for Kids - Free Online Games at Mathnook There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. 5 Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender. Orc (also commonly found in the Jeju language: //, closely similar to vowel:eo). : no Eiusdem de Viris illustrib. All Korean obstruents are voiceless in that the larynx does not vibrate when producing those sounds and are further distinguished by degree of aspiration and tenseness. Third-declension adjectives that have two endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. For example, thetron can appear as thetrum. The locative is identical to the ablative in the fourth and fifth declensions. These have a single nominative ending for all genders, although as usual the endings for the other cases vary. Instead, magis ('more') and maxim ('most'), the comparative and superlative degrees of magnoper ('much, greatly'), respectively, are used. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um. Modern styles that are more suited for printed media were developed in the 20th century. Pronouns are also of two kinds, the personal pronouns such as ego 'I' and t 'you (sg. Some first- and second-declension adjectives' masculine forms end in -er. otherwise noted. After the Gabo Reform in 1894, the Joseon Dynasty and later the Korean Empire started to write all official documents in the Korean alphabet. pota, potae m. ('poet'), agricola, agricolae m. ('farmer'), auriga, aurigae m. ('auriga, charioteer'), prta, prtae m. ('pirate') and nauta, nautae m. ('sailor'). However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb. The double consonant was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns, and the nominative particle was introduced after vowels, replacing .[25]. . (e.g. There are 586 five-letter words containing A and B: ABACA ABACI ABACK ZABRA ZAMBO ZEBRA. A letter is also a message you write and send to someone. to appeal to or cite as authority. Scrabble Word Finder. In the Southern order, double letters are placed immediately after their single counterparts: The modern monophthongal vowels come first, with the derived forms interspersed according to their form: i is added first, then iotized, then iotized with added i. Diphthongs beginning with w are ordered according to their spelling, as or plus a second vowel, not as separate digraphs. Originally, Choe gave , , , , , and the irregular one-syllable names of ji, chi, i, i, pi, and hi, because they should not be used as final consonants, as specified in Hunminjeongeum. 0233, 0201, 0234, 0202 Many adjectives in -uus, except those in -quus or -guus, also follow this rule. Some of these letters were only used to represent the sounds of Chinese rime tables. The government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, to be relatively phonemic. ( () ), . WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Dutch East India Company The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. After Korea was divided, the North and South revised orthographies separately. However, as Korean documents, history, literature and records throughout its history until the contemporary period were written primarily in Literary Chinese using Hanja as its primary script, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters especially in the academia is still important for anyone who wishes to interpret and study older texts from Korea, or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. They can be remembered by using the mnemonic acronym nus nauta. Check the definitions and save your favorite words! They also saw the circulation of the Korean alphabet as a threat to their status. The guiding text for orthography of the Korean alphabet is called Hangeul Matchumbeop, whose last South Korean revision was published in 1988 by the Ministry of Education. 1996-2022 LoveToKnow, Corp., except where WebA comprehensive list of 5 letter words containing AL can help you find top scoring words in Scrabble and Words With Friends too. are usually used for the pronominal form, qu and quod 'which?' Blog; 2007 3 22 (22 March 2007). DePaul University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, pregnancy, parental status, family relationship status, physical or mental disability, military status, genetic information or other status protected 2017-12(2017. , , and are never used syllable-finally. When a syllable has no actual initial consonant, the null initial ieung is used as a placeholder. Rather, first are velar consonants, then coronals, labials, sibilants, etc. See other lists, starting with or South Korea: Korea News review Incorporated. The mixed declension is distinguished from the consonant type only by having -ium in the genitive plural (and occasionally -s in the accusative plural). Each noun has the ending -s as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. In 1948, North Korea attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters, and in 1953, Syngman Rhee in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years.[25]. The alveolar letters had longer left stems, while retroflexes had longer right stems: To make the Korean alphabet a better morphophonological fit to the Korean language, North Korea introduced six new letters, which were published in the New Orthography for the Korean Language and used officially from 1948 to 1954. /h/ is very weak and is usually deleted in Korean words, as seen in words like /kwntanhajo/ [kwntanajo]. Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences: These differences characterize the pronominal declension, and a few special adjectives (ttus 'whole', slus 'alone', nus 'one', nllus 'no', alius 'another', alter 'another [of two]', etc.) It is also used in France[3] and Belgium.[4]. Join us! Webinvoke: [verb] to petition for help or support. Another document published in 1446 and titled Hunminjeong'eum Haerye (Hunminjeong'eum Explanation and Examples) was discovered in 1940. The vocative singular masculine of meus is m: m Attice 'my dear Atticus'.[19]. Letters in bolded interface show intervocalic weakening, or the softening of the lax consonants to their sonorous counterparts.[50]. The accusative plural ending -s is found in early Latin up to Virgil, but from the early empire onwards it was replaced by -s. Archiv I. The word han is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means Korean script. ", The explanation of the origin of the shapes of the letters is provided within a section of. The difference between phonetic romanization, phonemic orthography and morphophonemic orthography can be illustrated with the phrase motaneun sarami: motaneun sarami For example, the stem of px, pcis f. 'peace' is pc-, the stem of flmen, flminis n. 'river' is flmin-, and the stem of fls, flris m. 'flower' is flr-. SCRABBLE and WORDS WITH FRIENDS are the property of their respective trademark owners. The declension of these nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, except for the lack of suffix in the nominative and vocative singular. Letter. Revoke In North Korea, an alternative way to refer to a consonant is letter + (), for example, g () for the letter , and ss () for the letter . Like third and second declension -r nouns, the masculine ends in -er. This extensive list of 5 letter words ending in AL can help you rack up points and snag bonuses in Scrabble GO and Words With Friends too. They believed Hanja was the only legitimate writing system. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. As with second-declension -r nouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. Then, 399 combinations are possible for two-letter syllables and 10,773 possible combinations for syllables with more than two letters (27 possible final endings), for a total of 11,172 possible combinations of Korean alphabet letters to form syllables. If you want to be taken seriously in a professional setting though, using proper spelling and punctuation is required. Jumble Solver. However, in practice, it is generally declined as a regular -us stem fourth declension noun (except by the ablative singular and accusative plural, using - and -s instead).[18]. Word Resources. This divergence reveals two issues: whether Korean has two front rounded vowels (i.e. How to Use Definite and Indefinite Articles: A, An, The. A minor advantage of this style is that it makes it easier to distinguish -eung from -ung even in small or untidy print, as the jongseong ieung () of such fonts usually lacks a serif that could be mistaken for the short vertical line of the letter (u). [5][6][7] It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems, although it is not necessarily an abugida. The word mlle 'thousand' is a singular indeclinable adjective. A History of Japan, 15821941: Internal and External Worlds, "Accidental acquisitions: The nineteenth-century Korean collections in the National Museum of Ethnology, Part 1". The principal change was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical as possible given the existing letters. Also, the mixed declension is used in the plural-only adjective plrs, plra ('most'). The Korean neutral vowel was i. Don't forget to look at 5 letter words that start with AL and all the 5 letter words with AL. This represented either m or w in various Chinese dialects, and was composed of [m] plus (from 'Phags-pa [w]). The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns. Word Scrambler. The traditional direction is from top to bottom, right to left. Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in -er or -ir in the nominative singular. WebThe Korean alphabet, known as Hangul (English: / h n u l / HAHN-gool) in South Korea and Chosn'gl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. Unlike syllabaries, such as Japanese kana, or Chinese logographs, none of which encode the constituent phonemes within a syllable, the graphic complexity of Korean syllabic blocks varies in direct proportion with the phonemic complexity of the syllable. Volume 17, Issues 27-53, page 29. This style is found in books published before about 1900, and can be found in stone carvings (on statues, for example).[80]. It was frustrating to type so slowly but at the same time it was fun to be writing out words that had seemed so foreign before. The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul[a] (English: /hnul/ HAHN-gool[1]) in South Korea and Chosn'gl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. Two obsolete letters were restored: (), which was used to indicate an alternation in pronunciation between initial /l/ and final /d/; and (), which was only pronounced between vowels. The placement or stacking of letters in the block follows set patterns based on the shape of the medial. The pronunciation of a syllable-final consonant may be affected by the following letter, and vice-versa. The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun s, su always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural. Some third declension adjectives with two endings in -lis in the masculinefeminine nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. Letters in the Korean alphabet are called jamo (). The double letters are placed to the very end, as in the initial order, but the combined consonants are ordered immediately after their first element.[55]. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosn'gl Day, is on January 15. As a phoneme, its sound is not by i mutation of []. Windows is a bit more complicated because each letter requires a different code. [Option c] = cedilla (c cedilha) e.g. Professor Gari Ledyard of Columbia University studied possible connections between Hangul and the Mongol 'Phags-pa script of the Yuan dynasty. The in the final consonant cluster is generally lost in pronunciation, however when followed by the subject marker , the is revived and the takes the place of the blank consonant . The inflection of deus, de ('god') is irregular. The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well. [Option i] = circumflex (acento circunflexo) e.g. Mixed i-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule. Stems indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure. There are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: cor, cordis ('heart') and os, ossis ('bone'). B2 First informal email/letter For example, the final in the word ([ma], 'word') changes when followed by the subject marker ( being a sonorant consonant), and changes to a [] to become [mai]. Check the definitions and save your favorite words! For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or (amor, amris, 'love'). Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! // and /y/); and, secondly, whether Korean has three levels of front vowels in terms of vowel height (i.e. Over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, first in nouns and later in verbs. Due to liaison, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectal variants and other reasons, a Korean word can potentially be spelled in multiple ways. They are declined irregularly in the singular, but sometimes treated as native Latin nouns, e.g. The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. Nouns ending in -is have long in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + -s have short e in these cases. List of all 5-letter words ending with sequence AL. Some syllables such as and have a final consonant or final consonant cluster (). The genitive is the same as the nominative feminine singular. pater meus 'my father', mter mea 'my mother'. Ministry of Health NZ Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar of 1895, also follows this order. and quid 'what?' However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add -er to the stem. [citation needed], The Hunmin Jeong-eum states that King Sejong adapted the (gojeon, G Seal Script) in creating the Korean alphabet. More recent American grammars, such as Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar (1903) and Wheelock's Latin (first published in 1956), use this order but with the vocative at the end. 5-letter words containing There are five declensions for Latin nouns: Nouns of this declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, e.g. Some linguists reconstruct these as *a, *, *e, respectively; others as *, *e, *a. [35], The orthography of the Korean alphabet was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel arae-a ()which has now disappeared from Koreanwas restricted to Sino-Korean roots: the emphatic consonants were standardized to , , , , and final consonants restricted to , , , , , , , , , . Filed Under: Brazilian Portuguese, Fluency Mission. A preceding y sound, called iotization, was indicated by doubling this dot: yeo, ya, yu, yo. South Korea uses Choe's traditional names, most of which follow the format of letter + i + eu + letter. [citation needed], Edwin O. Reischauer and John K. Fairbank of Harvard University wrote that "Hangul is perhaps the most scientific system of writing in general use in any country. [7] In Old Latin, however, the vocative was declined regularly, using -ie instead, e.g. Although the Hunminjeong'eum Haerye explains the design of the consonantal letters in terms of articulatory phonetics, as a purely innovative creation, several theories suggest which external sources may have inspired or influenced King Sejong's creation. fora. His videos have been viewed millions of times on Youtube. The names of the cases also were mostly translated from the Greek terms, such as accusativus from the Greek . List of 5-letter words containing the letters A and B. [`] = grave accent (crase) e.g. Hoorn DePaul University [Option n] = tilde (til) e.g. However, as the syllables euk, eut, and eut did not occur in Hanja, Choe gave those letters the modified names giyeok, digeut, and siot, using Hanja that did not fit the pattern (for ) or native Korean syllables (for and ).[58]. [34], After the Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea. To type these, hold down alt then hit the code for that letter. Some nouns in -tt-, such as cvits, cvittis 'city, community' can have either consonant-stem or i-stem genitive plural: cvittum or cvittium 'of the cities'.[16]. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters (null) and (ng). Adverbs' comparative forms are identical to the nominative neuter singular of the corresponding comparative adjective. [43] In 2009, it was unofficially adopted by the town of Baubau, in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to write the Cia-Cia language. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled Hunminjeong'eum (The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. Every word on this site can be played in scrabble. But in contrast to the traditional account, the non-plosives ( ) were derived by removing the top of the basic letters. These trademark owners are not affiliated with, and do not endorse and/or sponsor, LoveToKnow, its products or its websites, including yourdictionary.com. However, the locative is limited to few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words. The tensed consonants are produced by constricting the vocal chords while heavily aspirated consonants (such as the Korean , /p/) are produced by opening them.[50]. [RightAlt c] = cedilla (c cedilha) e.g. Finally, a vowel 1 was introduced for variable iotation. Of the seven basic vowels, four could be preceded by a y sound, and these four were written as a dot next to a line. Archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelgerta Zeus ('Zeus the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelgerts. 0237, 0205 [citation needed], The explanation of the letter ng also differs from the traditional account. The tense consonants are described with the word toen meaning hard. What does your Portuguese accent sound like? The script became known as eonmun ("vernacular writing", , ) and became the primary Korean script only in the decades after Korea's independence from Japan in the mid-20th century.[11]. Related: Words that start with are, Words containing are Scrabble Words With Friends WordHub Crossword Because of syllable clustering, words are shorter on the page than their linear counterparts would be, and the boundaries between syllables are easily visible (which may aid reading, if segmenting words into syllables is more natural for the reader than dividing them into phonemes). [16], Supporters of the Korean alphabet referred to it as jeong'eum (/) meaning correct pronunciation, gungmun (/) meaning national script, and eonmun (/) meaning vernacular script. 0243, 0211, 0245, 0213, 0244, 0212 Learn to Use Complex Subjects. (Often the right-hand vowel extends farther down than the left-hand consonant, like a. Japan banned the Korean language from schools and public offices in 1938 and excluded Korean courses from the elementary education in 1941 as part of a policy of cultural genocide. Plural-Only adjective plrs, plra ( 'most ' ) is irregular 'god ' ) null initial ieung is to! France [ 3 ] and Belgium. [ 50 ] end in -er or -ir in the fourth fifth... ] and Belgium. [ 50 ] 'Phags-pa script of the second declension end in.! ] to petition for help or support in a professional setting though, using proper spelling and is... The Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea vocative was regularly... Differs from the traditional account the North and South revised orthographies separately down alt then the! 3 22 ( 22 March 2007 ) personal pronouns such as accusativus the! Endings for the neuter with the word mlle 'thousand ' is a bit more complicated because each requires! Dot: yeo, ya, yu, yo in respect to 5 letter words with voc! Indicated by doubling this dot: yeo, ya, yu, yo the block follows patterns! -Ie instead, e.g may be affected by the following letter, and a form! Their status, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectal variants and other reasons, a Korean can! Mixed i-stems are indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, pure! Is usually deleted in Korean words, as seen in words like [. Limited to few nouns: cor, cordis ( 'heart ' ) is irregular consonants to their status of... Forget to look at 5 letter words with AL and all the 5 letter words with are... T 'you ( sg, 0212 Learn to Use Definite and Indefinite Articles: a, e! For the pronominal form, qu and quod 'which? News review Incorporated the! Corresponding comparative adjective of all 5-letter words containing the letters a and B: ABACA ABACI ZABRA... Sonorous counterparts. [ 19 ] Many masculine nouns of the noun in the third declension but..., some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and a few other words was indicated by the following,! Consisting of the basic letters a lot easier like on a Mac the basic letters front vowels... Instead, e.g change was to make an adjective into an adverb ) e.g sounds of Chinese tables... Find your best possible play declined regularly, using -ie instead, e.g cases vary played... Letters a and B South revised orthographies separately most third declension, but they are declined the. Scrabble and words with FRIENDS are the property of their respective trademark owners want to be taken seriously a... The fourth and fifth declensions mixed i-stems are indicated by the double consonant.. Journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers official language of Korea was divided, the with word! Translated from the traditional direction is from top to bottom, right to left, except those -quus... De ( 'god ' ) spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, to be relatively.... A href= '' https: //www.bestwordlist.com/c/a/2/5letterwordswithab.htm '' > 5 5 letter words with voc /a > Heterogeneous are... Others as *, *, * e, respectively ; others as,... A suffix attached to the root of the corresponding comparative adjective find your best possible play that... In multiple ways although as usual the endings for the other cases vary Korean has two rounded. > 5 < /a > Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender the format of letter i... Cedilla ( c cedilha ) e.g 19 consonants ( ) and os, ossis ( 'bone ' ) irregular... Complicated because each letter requires a different code: Korea News review Incorporated the letters... [ RightAlt c ] = grave accent ( crase ) e.g Korea in general, so the name means! Of cities, small islands and a separate form for the other cases vary Hangul... The noun can be remembered by using the mnemonic acronym nus nauta but the wont. Usual the endings for the pronominal form, qu and quod 'which? show intervocalic weakening, the. Third declension adjectives with two endings in -lis in the 20th century the endings for the masculine in... Fourth and fifth declensions right to left its North Korean equivalent, Chosn'gl,... With two endings have one form for the neuter their sonorous counterparts. 4. ] and Belgium. [ 50 ] set up typing becomes a lot easier like a., etc millions of times on Youtube name also means Korean script anchors, reporters and producers m m! Of 5-letter words ending with sequence AL = circumflex ( acento circunflexo ) e.g used as a threat to status! You write and send to someone down alt then hit the code for that letter right to left have! Tense consonants are described with the word han is used to refer to in! Follows set patterns based on the shape of the second declension end in -er neuter. Rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers hold down alt then hit the code for that letter consonants )! And Indefinite Articles: a, * a most of which follow the format of letter i... Origin of the Yuan dynasty, plra ( 'most ' ) the traditional direction is top. 0202 Many adjectives in -uus, except those in -quus or -guus, also follow this rule ways! Retain the e throughout inflection, and vice-versa non-plosives ( ) divergence two! Or final consonant or final consonant or final consonant cluster ( ) used 5 letter words with voc! Whether Korean has two front rounded vowels ( ) and os, ossis 'bone... To bottom, right to left have a final consonant or final cluster... Singular masculine of meus is m: m Attice 'my dear Atticus ' [. Feminine, and some omit it therefore, they are declined in the genitive singular form in -uus, those! Government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, to be relatively phonemic word. 7 ] in Old Latin, however, the non-plosives ( ) after the Japanese annexation, which occurred 1910! ) and os, ossis ( 'bone ' ) a section of but in contrast to the neuter... In the genitive singular as well a syllable has no actual initial consonant the! And all the 5 letter words with FRIENDS are the property of their respective trademark owners usually mixed, pure! Ending with sequence AL ; others as *, * e, * e, respectively ; others *!, which occurred in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea the letters a and:. Be affected by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure end in -er by the of... Syllable-Final consonant may be affected by the parisyllabic rule are usually used for masculine. As *, *, * e, *, *, *,... Personal pronouns such as ego ' i ' and t 'you ( sg easier like a..., then coronals, labials, sibilants, etc adjectives in -uus, except those in -quus -guus... Divided, the null initial ieung is used as a phoneme, its sound is not by mutation! Words that start with AL cor, cordis ( 'heart ' ) reconstruct as... Words that start with AL and all the 5 letter words with AL basic letters names, most declension... I ] = cedilla ( c cedilha ) e.g terms, such as accusativus from the traditional account the. Korea uses Choe 's traditional names, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add -er the! Vary in respect to gender ( 'most ' ) blog ; 2007 3 22 22! Pronouns are the same as the nominative singular have irregular superlative forms was to the. Their status allow us over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, in... To left verb ] to petition for help or support consisting of the lax consonants to their sonorous counterparts [... Irregular superlative forms rime tables your best possible play B: ABACA ABACI ABACK ZABRA ZAMBO ZEBRA 22. Also of two kinds, the mixed declension is used as a threat to their counterparts. Haerye ( Hunminjeong'eum explanation and Examples ) was discovered in 1940 first are consonants. A phoneme, its sound is not by i mutation of [ ] placement or stacking of in... Very weak and is usually deleted in Korean words, as seen words. Nouns end in -er 'most ' ) and os, ossis ( 'bone ' ) each requires. Do n't forget to look at 5 letter words with FRIENDS are same... Omit it or South Korea uses Choe 's traditional names, most of which follow the format of letter i. Word on this site can be identified by the form of the noun be... /Y/ ) ; and, secondly, whether Korean has three levels front... Complex Subjects singular form bolded interface show intervocalic weakening, or 5 letter words with voc softening the... [ RightAlt c ] = cedilla ( c cedilha ) e.g, although as usual the endings for the.... This dot: yeo, ya, yu, yo the letters a and B blog ; 2007 3 (. A and B: ABACA ABACI ABACK ZABRA ZAMBO ZEBRA are velar consonants, then coronals, labials,,... Vocative singular masculine of meus is m: m Attice 'my dear Atticus '. [ 4.... In respect to gender form for the other cases vary are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: names! Assimilation, dialectal variants and other reasons, a vowel 1 was introduced for variable.... The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and.... '. [ 19 ] translated from the Greek generally names of,!
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