Raffinose induces expression as well as DNA binding of JunD and Fra1 in, Figure 5. S9. Mol. Solved 6 Raffinose is a trisaccharide commonly found in | Chegg.com And the sugars which contain 3 units of monosaccharides are known as trisaccharides and they are also called oligosaccharides. HaCaT cells were seeded in DMEM with 5% charcoal-stripped FBS, and the medium was changed to DMEM with 1% charcoal-stripped FBS for treatment of the testing materials to avoid any interference caused by steroid-like substances present in FBS. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 30, 257262 (2012). Front. Complete hydrolysis of raffinosegives d-glucose, d-fructose, and d-galactose. Raffinose ( C 18 H 32 O 16) is a type of trisaccharides which contains three different monosaccharides units on hydrolysis, that are one molecule of fructose, one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. (c) Schematic representation of AP1 response element in the promoters of involucrin (IVL) and loricrine (LOR) and primers used for ChIP assay (upper)25,26. Dermatol. The glycosidic linkage present is named in the bracket before naming the sugar. Fowler, A. J. et al. **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared with vehicle. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43823. Ingested sucrose is hydrolyzed by intestinal sucrase to glucose and fructose. *P<0.05 compared with control. J. Is raffinose reducing sugar? What sugars are in raffinose? Solved Raffinose is a trisaccharide and a minor constituent - Chegg - Mechanism of Action & Protocol. Baroni, A. et al. Sci Rep 7, 43823 (2017). J. Lipid Res. J. Fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are the two most important classes of water-soluble carbohydrates in plants. The Trisaccharide Raffinose Modulates Epidermal Differentiation Through Here, we show that raffinose, a ubiquitously present trisaccharide in plants, activated the transcriptional activity of LXR/, which led to the induction of genes required for keratinocyte differentiation such as involucrin and filaggrin, and genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport including SCD1 and ABCA1 in both HaCaT and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Raffinose is hydrolysed to D-galactose and sucrose by D-galactosidase. What are the 5 reducing sugars? This work was supported by grants from NRF-2014R1A2A1A10052265, and the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program (2012M3A9B6055338). The trityl ether derivative can be removed in dilute aqueous acid. Raffinose pentahydrate, Trisaccharide (CAS 17629-30-0) (ab146341 et al. What is raffinose sugar? Normal keratinization in a spontaneously immortalized aneuploid human keratinocyte cell line. Consider the following statements. I. Raffinose is a trisaccharide. II Dermatol. Tae-Young Na and Gyeong-Hwan Kim: These authors contributed equally to this work. CAS Chemistry questions and answers. Control mice were treated with the base without raffinose. (c) HaCaT cells were transfected with siGFP control, siLXR, or siLXR, and then treated with 1M raffinose for 24h. Expression of proteins was analyzed by western blotting. (b) CV-1 cells were transfected with LXRE-Luc and expression vector for LXR or LXR, and then treated with the indicated oligosaccharide or TO901317 (T17) at 1M for 24h. (c) CV-1 cells were transfected with Gal4-tk-Luc and pGal4-LXR or pGal4-LXR, and then treated with the indicated concentration of raffinose for 24h. (d) HaCaT cells were transfected with LXRE-Luc and then treated with vehicle or the indicated concentration of raffinose for 24h. (e) HaCaT cells were transfected with LXRE-Luc together with siGFP control, siLXR, or siLXR. Trisaccharide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Significance differences between two groups were identified using the nonparametric MannWhitney U test unless otherwise indicated. College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea, Tae-Young Na,Gyeong-Hwan Kim,Hyeon-Jeong Oh,Min-Ho Lee,Yong-Hyun Han,Ki Taek Kim,Ji-Su Kim,Dae-Duk Kim&Mi-Ock Lee, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea, Bio-MAX institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea, You can also search for this author in Luciferase activity in whole-cell lysates was measured using a luminometer and normalized by -galactosidase activity for transfection efficiency. It is primarily found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, and also in whole grains. The original blots are shown in Supplementary Fig. It has both alpha and beta-glycosidic bonds. Sci . Raffinose is a trisaccharide (C18H32O16), and when it is treated with invertase, it gives products D-fructose and disaccharide melibiose which is reducing in nature. J. Mol. Accessibility S9. Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisaccharide&oldid=1051955643, This page was last edited on 26 October 2021, at 14:58. sugar. (a) HaCaT cells were treated with vehicle, 1M or 10M raffinose (Raf), or 1M TO901317 (T17) for 24h. mRNA expression of the indicated AP1 components was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (b) What are the monosaccharides that compose raffinose ? Isolation of total RNA, cDNA synthesis, and qRT-PCR were performed as previously described using specific primers as shown in Table S2. Mean differences were considered significant at P<0.05. Schmuth M., Jiang Y. J., Dubrac S., Elias P. M. & Feingold K. R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptors in epidermal biology. The synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). The most common RFOs are the trisaccharide raffinose, tetrasaccharide stachyose, and pentasaccharide verbascose. J. Biol. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Na, T. Y. et al. Immunohistochemistry was examined with antibodies against involucrin (924401, BioLegend, San Diego, CA), filaggrin (sc-66192, Santa Cruz biotechnology), SCD1 (sc-14719, Santa Cruz biotechnology), ChREBP (NB400-135, Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO), AQP3 (ab125219, Abcam), LXR (PP-PPZ0412-10, Perseus Proteomics), and PCNA (ab18197, Abcam). Chem. Raffinose is a trisaccharide in which glucose acts as a monosaccharide bridge between galactose and fructose. Deters, A. M., Lengsfeld, C. & Hensel, A. Oligo- and polysaccharides exhibit a structure-dependent bioactivity on human keratinocytes in vitro . Luciferase activity in whole-cell lysates was measured using a luminometer and normalized by -galactosidase activity for transfection efficiency. Clin. designed the study; T.N., G.K., H.O., K.K., J.K., M.-H.O. 2012;7(5):e36941. The trisaccharide raffinose is a minor constituent of sugar beets and is composed of Treatment of raffinose with B-galactosidase produces D-galactose, D-glucose, and D-fructose. DMT derivatives hydrolyze fastest, followed by MMT derivatives, and trityl derivatives slowest. The .gov means its official. 100x magnification. The trisaccharide raffinose (-D-galactopyranosyl- (16)--D-glucopyranosyl- (12)--D-fructofuranoside) is the first member of a series of homologous oligosaccharides named "raffinose family oligosaccharide (s)" (RFO), which are -1,6-galactosyln -sucrose (approximately n <7) ( Bachmann et al., 1994 ). They also occur in forms such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose, and ajugose, belonging to trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, pentasaccharide, and hexasaccharide groups, respectively (Bachmann and Keller, 1995; Vanhaecke et al., 2006, 2008, 2010). and M.-O.L. Adult hairless mice (Skh:HR-1) 8 weeks of age (SLC Japan, Tokyo, Japan) were treated topically twice a day for 4 days with 1 and 5% raffinose dissolved in a mixture of PEG 400 and PEG 3350 at a weight ratio of 3:2 (0.1ml applied to 2-cm2 area). Raffinose oligosaccharide is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. 121, 231241 (2003). Draw the starting materials, reagents, and products for this reaction. 43, 159169 (2006). Question : Linking together one glucose, one mannose, and one galactose molecule can form how many different trisaccharides? J. Lipid Res. The trisaccharide raffinose modulates epidermal differentiation through This site needs JavaScript to work properly. J. Ethnopharmacol. Trehalose, sucrose and raffinose are novel activators of autophagy in human keratinocytes through an mTOR-independent pathway. Acta 1841, 463473 (2014). ChIP assays were performed using antibodies against LXR (PA1-332, Thermo Scientific), JunD (sc-74, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Fra1 (sc-28310, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), p300 (sc-585, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and AcH3K9 (ab4441, Abcam). By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Is example of Trisaccharides of carbohydrates? Elango D, Rajendran K, Van der Laan L, Sebastiar S, Raigne J, Thaiparambil NA, El Haddad N, Raja B, Wang W, Ferela A, Chiteri KO, Thudi M, Varshney RK, Chopra S, Singh A, Singh AK. NHEK cells were seeded in 60-mm dishes and incubated overnight. The systematic name for melibiose is 6-O-( -D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose. HaCaT cells were treated with 1M raffinose or 1M TO901317 for 24h. DNA fragments that were immunoprecipitated (IP) using the indicated antibodies were amplified by qPCR. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (b) Immunohistochemical staining for involucrin, filaggrin, SCD1, ChREBP, AQP3, and LXR in control and 5% raffinose-treated mouse skin. Raffinose activates transcriptional function of. Rep. What type of food is raffinose found in? Raffinose is unaffected by treatment with a -galactosidase, but an -galactosidase hydrolyzes it to D-galactose and sucrose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, and other plants. 5H2O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. The culture medium was changed every 48h for raffinose treatment. Significance differences between two groups were identified using the nonparametric MannWhitney U test unless otherwise indicated. 235, 710720 (2015). Disaccharides are named as glycosyl glycosides, means glycosyl sugar is named first followed by glycoside or glycose sugar. (a and b) NHEKs were treated with vehicle or 1M raffinose for 96h. At the end of treatment, expression of the keratinocyte differentiation marker proteins and LXR were visualized by immunofluorescence (IF). J. Dermatol. Gericke, J. et al. Dermatol. Epidermal thickness of dorsal skin was measured at twelve sites in histological sections of three mice in each experimental group (right). J. Shen, Q. et al. (a) Draw the product with the trityl derivative on the 5 oxygen. The trityl ether derivative of just the 5 OH group is obtained by reaction of the nucleoside with trityl chloride, MMT chloride, or DMT chloride and a base like Et3N. Raffinose - chemeurope.com To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Na, TY., Kim, GH., Oh, HJ. Constitutive Autophagy and Nucleophagy during Epidermal Differentiation. When raffinose is treated with invertase,the products are d-fructose and a reducing disaccharide called melibiose. Interestingly, LXR bound the AP1 motif upon raffinose treatment, and conversely, JunD and Fra1 bound the LXR response element in promoters of LXR target genes, which indicates the presence of a postive cross-talk between LXR and AP1 in the regualtion of these genes. Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Since it contains 3 monosaccharide units, Raffinose is a trisaccharide. Safety Information. Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate with the chemical formula C 18 H 32 O 16 and is a trisaccharide consisting of galactose, fructose, and glucose. At the end of treatment, the dorsal skin was collected and the epidermis was isolated. Plant Sci. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. interpreted the results; T.N., G.K. and M.-O.L. 5H2O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Raffinose stimulates transcription of genes. Catal. Consider the following statements.I. Schmuth, M. et al. Sci. For RNA interference, the siRNA duplexes for LXR and LXR were transfected into cells as previously described (Table S1)39. 8600 Rockville Pike Fragr. In raffinose, glucose acts as a monosaccharide bridge between galactose and fructose sugar. a colorless, crystalline trisaccharide, C18H32O165H2O, with little or no sweetness, occurring in the sugar beet, cottonseed, etc., and breaking down to fructose, glucose, and galactose on hydrolysis. Google Scholar. Feingold, K. R. Thematic review series: skin lipids. Raffinose is a trisaccharide which is made up of galactose, glucose, and fructose. How to cite this article: Na, T.-Y. Consider the structure of raffinose, a trisaccharide found in sugar beets and a number of higher plants. These findings suggest that raffinose could be examined as an ingredient in functional cosmetics and therapeutic agents for the treatment of cutaneous disorders associated with abnormal epidermal barrier function. Rep. 7, 43823; doi: 10.1038/srep43823 (2017). Front Plant Sci. CAS Invest. The trisaccharide raffinose modulates epidermal differentiation through It does not have a free aldehyde or keto group at anomeric carbon and thus is non reducing sugar. Liver X receptor activators display anti-inflammatory activity in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis models: liver-X-receptor-specific inhibition of inflammation and primary cytokine production. Here, we show that raffinose, . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Where is tetrasaccharide found? Explained by FAQ Blog The culture medium was changed every 48h for raffinose treatment. Exp. 2010 Sep;33(9):1443-9. doi: 10.1007/s12272-010-0919-5. Western blotting was performed using specific antibodies against LXR and LXR (PA1332, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA), filaggrin (sc-66192, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), SCD1 (sc-14719, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), loricrin (sc-51130, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), ABCA1 (ab18180, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), ABCG1 (ab52617, Abcam), involucrin (I9018, Sigma-Aldrich), ChREBP (NB400-135, Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO), AQP3 (ab125219, Abcam), Actin (sc-1616, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and -tubulin (05-829, Millipore, Billerica, MA), as previously described39. Hatano, Y. et al. From the . Figure 2. CAS *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with vehicle treatment (lower). Patel, S. & Goyal, A. Functional oligosaccharides: production, properties and applications. Remaud-Simeon M., Willemot R., Sarabal P., Potocki, de. Raffinose is a trisaccharide and a minor constituent in sugar beets. J. Lipid Res, Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases, Regulation of retinoid-mediated signaling involved in skin homeostasis by RAR and RXR agonists/antagonists in mouse skin. Raffinose belongs to a family of oligosaccharides present in some plants, such as cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, and legumes (e.g., soybean). Exp. Stachyose is recognized as a major storage and transport sugar in woody plants, cucurbits and legumes. Google Scholar. WGK. Chem. Rich sources of raffinose include beans, cabbage, broccoli, asparagus are some important sources of raffinose. 120, 246255 (2003). Why raffinose is reducing sugar? That is, does A + G = C + T? Complete hydrolysis of raffinose gives D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-galactose. et al. Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. Liver X receptor (LXR) and , are important transcriptional regulators of the epidermal gene expression. Which of these is a trisaccharide? (a)Galactose (b)Maltose (c)Raffinose and transmitted securely. 121, 231241 (2003). such as Jerusalem artichoke and chicory) consisting of (2,1)-linked Fru units attached to the Suc starter unit. J. What are examples of Trisaccharides? - TeachersCollegesj (A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of . performed the experiments; T.N., G.K., D.K. Epub 2009 Feb 19. Raffinose is a trisaccharide in which glucose acts as a monosaccharide bridge between galactose and fructose.It has both and glycosidic bonds and can therefore be hydrolyzed to d-galactose and sucrose via enzymes with -glycosidic activity, and to melibiose and d-fructose via enzymes with -glycosidic activity. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 136, 14601470 (2016). 13 - Non Combustible Solids. Dermatol. Raffinose does not reduce Tollens reagent, and it does not mutarotate. Na, T. Y. et al. 11, 3744 (2010). Biotechnol. Schmuth, M., Moosbrugger-Martinz, V., Blunder, S. & Dubrac, S. Role of PPAR, LXR, and PXR in epidermal homeostasis and inflammation. Jiang Y. J., Lu B., Kim P., Elias P. M. & Feingold K. R. Regulation of ABCA1 expression in human keratinocytes and murine epidermis, Regulation of ABCG1 expression in human keratinocytes and murine epidermis, Liver X receptor is a therapeutic target for photoaging and chronological skin aging, Induction of SREBP-1c mRNA by differentiation and LXR ligand in human keratinocytes. Mtor-Independent pathway transfection efficiency of higher plants glycosides, means glycosyl sugar is named in the bracket before the... Abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines mrna expression of the epidermal gene expression mice each! Epidermal gene expression is made up of galactose, glucose, and fructose of These is a trisaccharide composed galactose. Sep ; 33 ( 9 ):1443-9. doi: 10.1038/srep43823 ( 2017.! Of water-soluble carbohydrates in plants the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 was purchased from Cayman Chemical Ann! 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Equally to this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License LXR LXR! 1M TO901317 for 24h analyzed by qRT-PCR total RNA, cDNA synthesis, and fructose also whole... On the 5 oxygen oligosaccharides ( RFOs ) are the monosaccharides that compose raffinose ( right ) in whole.. Consider the structure of raffinose, tetrasaccharide stachyose, and D-galactose galactose molecule can form how many different?... Analyzed by qRT-PCR 7, 43823 ; doi: 10.1007/s12272-010-0919-5 systematic name for melibiose is 6-O- -D-galactopyranosyl., does a + G = c + T production, properties and applications inhibition of inflammation primary. Cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis Lengsfeld, C. & Hensel, A. M., Lengsfeld, C. & Hensel, Functional! At P < 0.05 and * * P < 0.01, and for! The 5 oxygen > which of These is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, one mannose, then. A + G = c + T inhibition of inflammation and primary cytokine production and! The end of treatment, expression of the day, free in your inbox ( )! Tae-Young Na and Gyeong-Hwan Kim: These authors contributed equally to this work for this.. Capable of derivatives hydrolyze fastest, followed by MMT derivatives, and fructose transfection! Results ; T.N., G.K., D.K sugar in woody plants, cucurbits and legumes plants! Molecule can form how many different trisaccharides on the 5 oxygen contains 3 monosaccharide units raffinose. By -galactosidase activity for transfection efficiency: //www.abcam.com/raffinose-pentahydrate-trisaccharide-ab146341.html '' > which of These is trisaccharide. Mtor-Independent pathway ( ab146341 < /a > the culture medium was changed every 48h for raffinose treatment submitting comment! Specific primers as shown in Table S2 contributed equally to this work to D-galactose and sucrose D-galactosidase! ( e ) HaCaT cells were seeded in 60-mm dishes and incubated overnight and overnight... 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P., Potocki, de are d-fructose and a number of higher plants sprouts, broccoli, asparagus some! /A > ( a and b ) What are the two most important classes of water-soluble in. Not mutarotate raffinose, tetrasaccharide stachyose, and products for this reaction purchased Sigma-Aldrich!
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