Much of that hierarchy continued Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting social control in the area. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. At its peak in 2005 over from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. Identification. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. While rwodi, "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Kinship Terminology. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Lwoo. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Domestic Unit. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Political Organization. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. Girling, F. K. (1960). Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Death and Afterlife. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Okot p'Bitek (1963). Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Religious Practitioners. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. 2008. into the independence era. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Dwyer, John O. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. London: Oxford University Press. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Encyclopedia.com. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Under Ugandan Pres. Orientation Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead A rebellion Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. B.A. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. (1991). It is A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994).
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