Schools need proper funding to allocate the maintenance of the building, regulation codes, support staff, extracurricular activities, technology, supplies, meal plans and teacher pay. In fact, most states are still spending less per pupil than they were in 2008.3. Local funding still hadn’t fully recovered in 2015, leaving total state and local K-12 funding per student still well below pre-recession levels as of that school year, the latest for which these data are available in most states. For example, if a school lacked funds for things such as extracurricular activities, supplies or support staff, or if the school appeared as if it were not being taken care of physically, it could leave a bad impression on a student that their school, educators, or community members do not care about them. In addition, the federal government can play a role in investing in teacher pay, first, by rejecting administration efforts to cut funding and, then, by expanding existing funding streams. [17] Recent research suggests it generally takes about three years for property tax revenues to reflect increased property values. Not only does lack of funding have an effect on a student’s academic progress, it also has an effect on students psychologically. By underfunding schools year after year, too many states are doing a great disservice to their students—and they are potentially harming the nation’s long-term economic potential. In many cases, this has led states to revert to substitute and emergency credentials in order to ensure that students have someone—no matter how unqualified—in front of their classrooms.23. Similarly, research indicates that greater state spending on low-income students leads to improvements in student learning in reading and math.10 One 2018 study connected state funding reforms to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data in low-income school districts between 1990 and 2011. As a result, teachers’ weekly earnings are now 23 percent lower than those of other college graduates. As of the current 2017-18 school year, at least 12 states have cut “general” or “formula” funding — the primary form of state support for elementary and secondary schools — by 7 percent or more per student over the last decade, according to a survey we conducted using state budget documents. Sarah Shapiro is a former research assistant for K-12 Education at the Center. [9] This analysis examines the 12 states with the deepest cuts in “formula” or general K-12 education funding as identified in CBPP’s 2016 paper “After a Nearly a Decade, School Investments Still Way Down in Some States.” These states are Alabama, Arizona, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia. (There’s generally a significant time lag between when home prices rise and when property tax assessments register the increase. Teacher Supply, Demand, and Shortages in the U.S.” (Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute, 2016), available at, Peter Dolton and Oscar Marcenaro Gutierrez, “Teachers’ Pay and Pupil Performance,”, Jack Britton and Carol Propper, “Teacher pay and school productivity: Exploiting wage regulation,”, Marta W. Aldrich, “Teacher merit pay has merit when it comes to student scores, analysis shows,” Chalkbeat, April 12, 2017, available at, Matthew D. Hendricks, “Does it pay to pay teachers more? In recent years, seven of the 12 states that have made the deepest funding cuts since 2008 chose to cut taxes rather than reinvest in education: Arizona, Idaho, Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Oklahoma.5 Notably, in spring 2018, three of these seven states—Arizona, Oklahoma, and North Carolina—experienced teacher walkouts in protest of insufficient education funding and low teacher salaries.

In addition, education spending cuts have cost an unknown but likely significant number of private-sector jobs as school districts canceled or scaled back purchases and contracts (for instance, buying fewer textbooks). See Byron F. Lutz, “The Connection Between House Price Appreciation and Property Tax Revenues,” Federal Reserve Board of Governors, September 12, 2008, http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2008/200848/200848pap.pdf. In most states, capital spending fell sharply after the recession hit, as did the non-capital school funding discussed in this paper. (See Appendix.) A recent study quantified this intergenerational mobility effect, finding that a 10 percent increase in per-student spending was associated with an increase in low-income students’ adult wages by about 7 percent, as well as a 3 percent lower poverty rate.16 Both this and the earlier study found correlations between specific inputs that were made possible through increased funding—such as raising teacher salaries and lengthening the school day—and student achievement. An education funding expert in each state, often a budget expert with the state’s education department, reviewed our figures and edited them when necessary. In addition, specialized pupil support services personnel, such as school psychologists and social workers, help to reduce many of the barriers that hinder student success. [28] W. S. Barnett et al., “The state of preschool 2016: State preschool yearbook,” National Institute for Early Education Research, 2017, p. 7. Research indicates that poor air quality or lighting, uncomfortable temperatures, and excessive noise can all impede student learning.28 A study of New York City middle schools found that, among other aspects of the physical and social environments, the building condition was a contributing factor to academic performance.29 Every student should be able to learn in a safe and comfortable environment. Privacy | Terms of Use. This year, teacher walkouts and protests in seven states highlighted the chronic disinvestment in U.S. K-12 classrooms. Accompanied by a successful social media campaign, these protests had Americans all over the country asking why public school teachers are not paid enough to support their families, why students are using dilapidated textbooks, and why students are attending crumbling schools.1, The answer to these questions is that, on the whole, far too many states have systematically disinvested in K-12 funding in the wake of the 2008 Great Recession. (See Figure 2. [6] Hawaii and Indiana are excluded. So it’s problematic that some states have headed sharply in the opposite direction over the last decade. [22] See Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, “Does Class Size Matter?” National Education Policy Center, February 2014, http://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/does-class-size-matter. The majority continue to spend less on education than they did 10 years ago. Five of the 12 states raised general funding per student in 2018, after adjusting for inflation. To prosper, businesses require a well-educated workforce. [14] Richard Kogan, “House Budget Would Cut Non-Defense Programs to Historic Lows,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, July 19, 2017, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/house-budget-would-cut-non-defense-programs-to.... [15] CBPP analysis of data from the Office of Management and Budget.

A National Report Card,” sixth edition, Education Law Center, January 2017, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxtYmwryVI00VDhjRGlDOUh3VE0/view; Richard Coley and Bruce Baker, “Poverty and Education: Finding the Way Forward,” ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, July 2013, pp. As a result, local funding for schools fell after the recession took hold, exacerbating the even steeper fall in state funding.

Our analysis of the most recent Census data available on state and local funding for schools also indicates that, after adjusting for inflation: As common sense suggests — and academic research confirms — money matters for educational outcomes. See also Matthew M. Chingos and Grover J.

At a time when the nation is trying to produce workers with the skills to master new technologies and adapt to the complexities of a global economy, large cuts in funding for basic education undermine a crucial building block for future prosperity.

Similarly, providing trained mentors for new teachers may significantly boost student achievement. Evidence from the Great Recession.” Working Paper 18-02 (Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research, 2018), available at. Property values fell sharply after the recession hit, making it difficult for local school districts to raise significant additional revenue through the property tax to make up for state funding cuts.

Studies demonstrate that there is a link between teacher pay and student outcomes. [10] CBPP calculations based on our survey of state budget documents, in-state experts, and other materials. Indiana was excluded because changes in its education formulas between fiscal years 2008 and 2017 prevent meaningful comparisons across years. The general education funding totals reflect the funding distributed through states’ major education funding formulas.

https://www.cbpp.org/blog/house-budget-would-cut-non-defense-programs-to... http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2008/200848/200848pap.pdf, http://www.gatesfoundation.org/united-states/Documents/empowering-effective-teachers-readiness-for-reform.pdf, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_211.60.asp, https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/blog/where-have-all-teachers-gone, http://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/does-class-size-matter, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/05/11-class-size-whitehurst-chingos, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_208.40.asp, http://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2010/04/pdf/elt_by_the_numbers.pdf, http://www.dcourier.com/news/2010/apr/03/local-school-districts-return-to-fee-based-all-da/, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/09_early_programs_brief1.pdf, States Faced Revenue Shortfalls in 2017 Despite Growing Economy, House Budget Would Cut Non-Defense Programs to Historic Lows. These cuts risk undermining schools’ capacity to develop the intelligence and creativity of the next generation of workers and entrepreneurs. Abel McDaniels is a former research associate for K-12 Education at the Center. For example, Oklahoma’s $2-per-pupil increase this year was far from enough to offset the state’s $1,058-per-pupil cut over the previous nine years. https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2018/03/16/592221378/the-fight-over-teacher-salaries-a-look-at-the-numbers, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/oklahoma-teachers-are-posting-their-crumbling-textbooks-online, https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/us/oklahoma-teacher-walkout-ends/index.html, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/a-punishing-decade-for-school-funding, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget18/index.html, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget19/index.html, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-12/news/2018/02/12/446423/trump-devos-continue-undermine-public-education-proposed-fiscal-year-2019-budget/, https://www.chalkbeat.org/posts/us/2018/04/13/why-the-school-spending-graph-betsy-devos-is-sharing-doesnt-mean-what-she-says-it-does/, https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/cofr-efp.pdf, https://www.ipr.northwestern.edu/publications/docs/workingpapers/2018/wp-18-02.pdf, https://www.educationnext.org/could-disappointing-2017-naep-scores-due-to-great-recession/, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5199-per-pupil-educational-expenditures-adjusted-for-regional-cost-differences#detailed/2/2-52/false/869/any/11678, https://www.edweek.org/ew/qc/2017/2017-state-education-grades-map.html?intc=EW-QC17-LFTNAV, http://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/conferences/Biasi_Draft.pdf, https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/131/1/157/2461148, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cmb.asp, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/teachersalaries-brief.pdf, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/us/teacher-unions-fallout-supreme-court-janus.html, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/14084443/TeacherPrep-report.pdf, https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/product-files/A_Coming_Crisis_in_Teaching_REPORT.pdf, http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp352.pdf, https://ac.els-cdn.com/S004727271500208X/1-s2.0-S004727271500208X-main.pdf?_tid=67d309ea-d1af-4235-87ef-9df0470a9741&acdnat=1534446328_409df86065031f22bf1697d37c0db01c, https://www.chalkbeat.org/posts/tn/2017/04/12/teacher-merit-pay-has-merit-when-it-comes-to-student-scores-analysis-shows/, http://daneshyari.com/article/preview/885581.pdf, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mkraft/files/kraft_blazar_hogan_2017_teacher_coaching_meta_analysis_wp.pdf, https://www.sri.com/sites/default/files/publications/ntc_i3_validation_eval_brief.pdf, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0511_class_size_whitehurst_chingos.pdf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232560514_Traumatic_Stress_Socioeconomic_Status_and_Academic_Achievement_Among_Primary_School_Students, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227363113_Externalities_in_the_Classroom_How_Children_Exposed_to_Domestic_Violence_Affect_Everyone’s_Kids, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/squeeze.aspx, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0410_curriculum_chingos_whitehurst.pdf, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/06111518/CurriculumMatters-report.pdf, https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/05/22/chuck-schumer-nancy-pelosi-democrats-better-deal-teachers-america-column/629509002/, ‮g​r​o​.​s​s​e​r​g​o​r​p​n​a​c​i​r​e​m​a​@​r​e​g​r​e​b​e​e​s​c‭, ‮g​r​o​.​s​s​e​r​g​o​r​p​n​a​c​i​r​e​m​a​@​k​r​o​f​l​o​o​w​b‭, STATEMENT: CAP Economist Michael Madowitz on the October 2020 Jobs Report, STATEMENT: CAP’s Neera Tanden Applauds Colorado Voters’ Passage of Paid Family and Medical Leave, STATEMENT: CAP’s Neera Tanden on Sarah McBride’s Historic Win As The Nation’s First Transgender State Senator, Cory Turner, “The Fight Over Teacher Salaries: A Look At The Numbers,” NPR, March 16, 2018, available at, Michael Leachman, Kathleen Masterson, and Eric Figueroa, “A Punishing Decade for School Funding” (Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2017), available at, U.S. Department of Education, “President’s FY 2018 Budget Request for the U.S. Department of Education,” available at, Stephenie Johnson, Neil Campbell, and Scott Sargrad, “Trump and DeVos Continue to Undermine Public Education with Their Proposed Fiscal Year 2019 Budget,” Center for American Progress, February 12, 2018, available at, Matt Barnum, “Why the school spending graph Betsy DeVos is sharing doesn’t mean what she says it does,” Chalkbeat, April 13, 2018, available at, Christopher A. Candelaria and Kenneth A. Shores, “Court-Ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity.” Working Paper (Stanford University, 2017), available at, C. Kirabo Jackson, Cora Wigger, and Heyu Xiong, “Do School Spending Cuts Matter?

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