Within a century, Hellenized rule was virtually in shambles and the east was in complete political disarray. Roman Empire Wall Map$59.99 incl. Roman provincial organization. The Roman province of Judea incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel. The Phoenicians, living on the coast of ancient Syria, were known for their fabrics of wool, silk, cotton and linen. Ancient Syria, one of the relatively few territories whose name has remained virtually unchanged throughout history, also roughly corresponds to the size of the modern country of the same name. Besides a lack of any primary source evidence to indicate Hadrian's alleged ulterior motives for a routine Roman practice of consolidating, re-organizing, and re-naming provinces, the timeline shows the roots of the name Syria Palaestina in the region in fact predate those of Judea. The province was divided into Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda in about 390. [citation needed], Beginning in 212, Palmyra's trade diminished as the Sassanids occupied the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Perhaps even more influential, though it's hard to argue with the development of their alphabet, was the impact of Phoenician colonization. The Phoenicians were not only the greatest seafaring race of the ancient world, significantly advancing the art of shipbuilding, but improved and developed iron working throughout the east. [26], Conflict with Sassanids and emergence of the Palmyrene Empire, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFeldman1990 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobson2001 (, Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). Despite serving as a frontier buffer zone, Syria's ports and trade routes with the far east were important economic forces. ), Ptolemais (Acts 21:7), Seleucia (Acts 13:4), Sidon (Matthew 11:21 - 22, etc. Though Alexander died shortly after his conquest in 323 BC, the region continued to fall under the control of Macedonian policy. In 232, the Syrian Legion rebelled against the Roman Empire, but the uprising went unsuccessful. Serving as a launching point against Parthia, into Judaea and elsewhere, as many as 4 legions were garrisoned in Syria at any one time. Shortly before or after the Bar Kokhba's revolt (132–135), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the Judea province to Syria Palaestina, and founded Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem, which some scholars conclude was done in an attempt to remove the relationship of the Jewish people to the region. This text is an early attempt at an inclusive study of the origins and evolutions of this transformation in the ancient world. [12][13], After crushing the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Roman Emperor Hadrian applied the name Syria Palaestina, meaning "Palestinian Syria",[1][2] to Judea province. In the early 2nd century BC, King Antiochus III had achieved great gains for Syria, both to the west and east. In Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2007. Under the Persians, like most of their conquests, the natives were allowed considerable autonomous rule, and the region prospered. Under the command of Consul Manius Acilius Glabrio, Antiochus was crushed and was forced to flee back to Asia. By the beginning of the Byzantine period (disestablishment of Syria-Palaestina), the Jews had become a minority and were living alongside Samaritans, pagan Greco-Syriacs and a large Syriac Christian community. Map of empire under Constantine the Great. Syria, which became a province of Rome in 64 B.C., is referenced at least eight times in the KJV (Matthew 4:24, Luke 2:2, Acts 15:23, 41, 18:18, 20:3, 21:3 and Galatians 1:21). The name Judea had been derived from the Kingdom of Judah which had arisen in the region in the 9th century BC, in the 8th century becoming a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC). The capital of the province of Syria proper remained in Antiochia. The rampant spread of Piracy along the southern coast of modern Turkey (Cilicia, Lycia and Pamphylia) brought further Roman interference. Traditions and reworking", in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed. Swords Against the Senate describes the first three decades of Rome's century-long civil war that transformed it from a republic to an imperial autocracy, from the Rome of citizen leaders to the Rome of decadent emperor thugs. ), Antioch (Acts 6:5, 11:19 - 20, etc.) ... not far from the Khabur or from the province of Aleppo ... /.../chapter iisyria at the beginning.htm. Paul visited here frequently and was converted on the way to Damascus, in the province of Syria (Acts 9). They were the first who dared to push out of sight of land in their voyages and sail beyond the Pillars of Hercules into the ocean" (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, section on Phoenicia). "They exhibited a boldness and audacity in braving the perils of the sea in their little ships, which, for the age, demands our admiration. It was created to provide the people with a direct representative magistrate. Grain, fruits, cloth, glass, wool, linen, textiles, pottery, timber and resin were all exported in abundance. Syria was an early Roman province, annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War, following the defeat of Armenian King Tigranes the Great. The Byzantine period following the Roman Empire only resulted in the building of a few churches; much of the city went to ruin. "[24], Christianity was practiced in secret and the Hellenization of Palaestina continued under Septimius Severus (193–211 AD).[21]. Did the Emperors Bring About the Need for a Split Empire? As a result, Hadrian sent Sextus Julius Severus to the region, who brutally crushed the revolt. Under the Seleucids Syria continued to prosper and Greek influence grew considerably. This brief respite from foreign conquest was short-lived however, as Alexander invaded and conquered in 333 BC. His General, Seleucas, became heir to the lands and established a three century dynasty that would remain only until their great defeat at the hands of Rome. Legio III Gallica, VI Ferrata, X Fretensis, XII Fulminata, IIII Scythica and XVI Flavia all saw service prior to the split of the eastern and western empires.
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