types of soil degradation
Topics available include gardening & horticulture, sustainability, environment, science, animals and many more. The concept seems rather simple, but quantifying degradation has been very challenging and creates uncertainty associated with quantifying land degradation efforts (Bai et al., 2008; Safriel, 2007). Armoring of channels with rocks, tyres, concrete, timber, etc., to prevent bank erosion.
The natural weathering of bedrock and soil resulting in the movement of salts through a soil profile. Soil Erosion – (wind erosion, water erosion, mechanical erosion and so on)A partial or complete loss of the top fertile layer of soil (the soil layer with minerals and organic matter in it). * Removal of forest vegetation. National off-site benefits from controlling erosion have been estimated at $0.56 per tonne and include commercial and recreational uses, water storage, and reduced flood damage (Ribaudo and Young, 1989). The adoption of conservation tillage practices in important agricultural countries other than the United States. This approach requires affordable and science-based solutions to help people lift themselves out of the poverty.
Download sample pages for free, to see what each book is like. 1. Soil degradation is defined as a change in the soil quality status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries (http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/). Repeated cultivation of some soils leads to a breakdown of soil structure and this also increases the likelihood of compaction. Acid soils can be naturally occurring, however, a number of agricultural practices have expanded the areas of such soils. In 2005, the United Nations Millennium Project released recommendations on how to attain the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 (UNDP, 2005) among which was one focusing on soil health, small-scale water management, and use of superior seeds as entry points for drastically increasing agricultural productivity in SSA. Crop harvesting also leaves the soil bare and exposed to erosion by the rain and wind. When plants (trees & shrubs) are cleared from a site, soil is exposed to sunlight and the eroding effects of wind and water. For example, through farming practices, excessive amounts of fertilizers and pesticides are used. Land and soil degradation. These alternatives focus on maintenance of SOM, soil fertility, soil biodiversity, soil structure, and soil stabilization, and a reduction of soil erosion as a means of sustaining ecosystems for the long term. Prevention of erosion in the first place by careful selection of land use practices. Two other ways of wind borne particle movement occur.
the cost of tree planting and the loss of cropping area). Although synthetic fertilizers renew the nutrient pool necessary for plant growth, they do not regenerate the quantity or the heterogeneity in the quality of SOM. They tend to become deeper with successive flows of water and can become major obstacles to cultivation. Distinct areas of Fog Grass (Holcus lanatus) are found directly upslope of degraded discharge zones. Soil degradation causes, effects, preventive methods. The FAO report relied heavily on changes in precipitation use efficiency in contrast to the GLASOD project that relied heavily on human judgement. Although not as large a problem as some of the other types of soil degradation, the presence of chemical residues can be quite a problem on a local scale. Soil degradation is a nebulous term suggesting that the capacity of a soil to perform selected specified service(s), such as growing crops, has been diminished. Several types of water erosion are common in our landscapes. Soil degradation means the decline in soil quality which comes about due to aspects, for example, improper land use, agriculture, and pasture, urban and industrial purposes.It mainly involves the decline of the soil… Adding clay or organic material to sandy soil to improve its ability to hold water. In Situ weathering
Terraces, which require significant capital investment, were used in 14% of the plans (USDA-ERS, 1997). CRP is a major contributor to soil erosion reduction. Surface layers frequently drain better ‑ the drainage rate decreases as you get deeper. Sometimes soil degradation can be slowly reversed, as in the case of declining organic matter, but other contributing factors like erosion are irreversible (OECD, 2001). In the United States, soil conservation methods have decreased the soil erosion rates so that only one-third of the agricultural lands are eroding faster than the average rate of soil formation. Compaction can be prevented by farming practices that minimize cultivation and the passage of machinery. As a result of reduced erosion, total soil loss from US cropland has been reduced from about 3.4 to 2 billion tonnes per year (7.6 to 4.5 billion metric tonnes). Most of this loading comes from row crop agriculture on almost 5.2 million A (2.1 million ha) of land in Ohio's Maumee and Sandusky River watersheds. Consequent actions supported by the Millennium Promise seek to demonstrate that the end of extreme poverty can be achieved by working with the poorest of the poor, village by village throughout Africa, in partnership with governments and other committed stakeholders. Control is often difficult and may involve allowing contaminated areas to lie fallow; leaching affected areas; trying to deactivate or neutralise the chemicals; removing the contaminated soil; or selecting tolerant crops. Indeed, the succession of paradigms reflect a learning process among rural development specialists, and better direct applied research, but it appears that the application of new knowledge has failed to keep pace with environmental decline and spiraling poverty in SSA, and this has led to the new directions involving an African Green Revolution (Conway and Toenniessen, 2003) that embrace market-led research, smart policy intervention, and agricultural value chain enhancement (Sanginga and Woomer, 2009). Table 32.3. Fallout radionuclides (FRNs) have proven to be a cost-effective tool to trace soil redistribution due to erosion from plot to basin scales and can complement the information provided by conventional erosion measurements and modeling (IAEA, 2014). CHEMICAL RESIDUES
4.
www.ctic.purdue.edu/CTIC/CTIC.html. Using this radionuclide approach (Fig. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011, The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW)—Managing Systems at Risk, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/SOLAW_EX_SUMM_WEB_EN.pdf, Innovation Strategies to Food Security in India, Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, Parthasarathy Chenna Kesavan, in, Hydropedology, Geomorphology, and Groundwater Processes in Land Degradation, Richard MacEwan, ... Jonathon Fawcett, in, Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture, http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/, Restoring Soil Fertility in Sub-Sahara Africa, Dakora and Keya, 1997; Smaling and Dixon, 2006; Woomer, Indicators of Good Agricultural Practices in Viticulture, Integrated Analytical Approaches for Pesticide Management, John F Hebblethwaite, Carol N. Somody, in, Conservation Technology Information Center (2004).
One of the major problems with salinity is that the area in which occurs may be a fair distance from the cause.
Ploughing to destroy rills and contour planting to create small dams across a field, to retard or impound water flow. On a global scale the costs to the world of an annual loss of 75 billion tonnes of soil is about US$ 400 billion year−1, or approximately US$ 70 person−1 year−1 (Pimentel et al., 1995; Lal, 1998).
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