Question 3. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants 4. (a) What is vegetative propagation? In this mode of reproduction, plants like moss and ferns are used. These proteins bind to DNA and either aid in the transcription process or inhibit the process. False, maple seed is dispersed by wind or water as these seeds are very light and hairy. The process by which genes are transmitted was discovered by Gregor Mendel and formulated in what is known as Mendel's law of segregation. (d) Which type of reproduction does this organism shows? Ovary is the part where male and female gametes fuse together. In human beings, each gamete contains 23 chromosomes, half the number found in the other cells of the body. The seeds and their means of dispersal can be given as follows: Scientists say that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare, and probably a last-ditch effort to reproduce when a mate is not present. 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There is no seed production. Answer: Bailey, Regina. Other biotic factors include parasitism, disease, and predation (the act of one animal eating another). This fusion of gametes is called fertilisation. The sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of male and female gametes by the process called fertilisation to form zygote. 3. (c) What is the knob like structure present on the top of thin stem called? [HOTS] Answer: Fungi Characteristics. It can be defined as a process in which a stem is attached to a plant and is lowered in the ground that is covered with the soil. This includes the organisms themselves, other organisms, interactions between living organisms and even their waste. Why? Amoeba, bacteria), spore formation (e.g. Answer: Difference Between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction The gardner approached them and asked about their choice of plant. Flowers usually have a number of stamens in it. Answer: Asexual Reproduction in Plants Definition. (c) Mango and rose are two plants cultivated using vegetative propagation. it is called cross-pollination. The male gametes move down the pollen tube and the tube enters the ovule present inside the ovary. Only one parent is involved. Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The process in which the male gamete fuses with female gamete to form a new cell (called zygote) is called fertilisation. Give the name of the plant. The whorl Z is the innermost part of the flower called pistil. Seed dispersal avoids overcrowding of young plants around their parent plants. Answer: Spores germinate and develop into new organisms under favourable conditions. Question 6. Plants are living organisms. Abiotic limiting factors restrict the growth of populations. The plants produced by asexual reproduction tend to thrive well in stable environments., Grafting is an artificial method of asexual reproduction that is used to create plants with favourable stem and root properties. (b) Name two plants where this method of vegetative reproduction takes place. The modes of reproduction in plants are: Asexual Reproduction in Organisms. The seeds of some plants that have an outer fibrous or spongy covering are dispersed through water. Gene mutations are most commonly the result of environmental factors (chemicals, radiation, ultraviolet light) or errors that occur during cell division (mitosis and meiosis). 3. Plant reproduction is the production of new offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Some flowers have both, the male and female parts on them so they are called bisexual flowers. 5. (a) Which type of vegetative propagation has been shown in this figure? The bulb-like projections formed during reproduction are called buds. Answer: Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, resulting in clonal plants that are Give reason. Which type of pollination does the given figure indicate? roots, stems, or buds. All the petals are together referred to as corolla. 5. Important advantages of asexual reproduction include: 1. 5. Plants that are produced by vegetative propagation take less time to bear flowers & fruits as compared to those produced from seeds. Example: Sweet Potato. Fruits and seeds are formed post-fertilization. Write how the following seeds are dispersed. For example, if you keep a potato for a long time, you can notice several small outgrowths, which are commonly referred to as eyes. Some mutations can result in negative impacts, while others may have no negative impact on or may even benefit an individual. Asexual reproduction can be carried out by natural or artificial means. This unorganised mass of cells is known as a callus. The tip of the pollen tubes gets dissolved and male gametes comes out of the pollen tube. (b) How does the growth take place? They promote the growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the edge of their leaves. The odd one out is rice. When a new plant is developed from modified roots that are called Tubers. Pollen grains are exposed when the anther ripens and splits. It is a kind of asexual reproduction of plants in which a new plant takes birth from a portion of the parent plant. Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms "offspring" are produced from their "parent" or parents.Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual. [3] In order not to render illegitimate the names that had been introduced in the past for separate morphs, it was agreed that these should not be treated as superfluous alternative names in the sense of the Code. (c) The leaves of Bryophyllum develops some buds in its margin or edges which grow into new plants, when buried in the soil. Diffen LLC, n.d. Transcription factors are important for cell differentiation as they determine which genes in a cell are expressed. Only one parent plant is involved in the process. Binary fission starts with a single cell that Answer: Given the diagrammatic representation of budding in a plant. (b) Yeast budding (a) Which of these plants have unisexual flowers? Question 5. [NCERT Exemplar] The coconut fruits have a fibrous outer coat which enables them to float in water and carried away by flowing water to far off places. Asexual reproduction is used by many unicellular and multicellular organisms. Vegetative propagation in plants can occur naturally or artificially induced by horticulturists.. [3] It was further decided that no anamorph-typified name should be taken up to displace a widely used teleomorph-typified name without the case's having been considered by the General Committee established by the Congress. For more information on Reproduction in plants, please register at BYJUs. Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. Biotic describes a living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals. A flower ensures the occurrence of process of fertilisation. (b) Yes, flower aids in both pollination and fertilisation. The main parts of a flower are True (iv) Pistil It is the female reproductive part of a flower that lies in the centre of a flower. Seeds of drumstick and maple are carried to long distances by wind because they possess [NCERT Exemplar] Pollination is the process of fusion of male and female gametes. Because there is no mixing of male and female gametes in asexual reproduction, the plant is genetically identical to the parent plant, resulting in better survival. Asexual reproduction is used by many unicellular and multicellular organisms. [3] This was even before the first international rules for botanical nomenclature were issued in 1867. No flowers are required for this method. Question 13. (c) Do all flowers have both male and female parts on them specify? Answer: [3] Recognizing that there were cases in some groups of fungi where there could be many names that might merit formal retention or rejection, a new provision[3] was introduced: Lists of names can be submitted to the General Committee and, after due scrutiny, names accepted on those lists are to be treated as conserved over competing synonyms (and listed as Appendices to the Code). (c) The thin stem having knob-like structure on the top is called sporangia or sporangium which contains hundred of minute spores. [3] A decade later, it was starting to become obvious that fungi with no known sexual stage could confidently be placed in genera which were typified by species in which the sexual stage was known. The advantages of asexual reproduction include increased maturity and more robust adult plants. In ecology and biology, abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which affect ecosystems. (c) pollination Genes and Genetic Inheritance. Usually, this is seen in kingdom fungi and some algae. Sometimes dispersal takes place by the explosion or bursting of fruits. Example: Sweet Potato. (b) This growth of fungus takes place by spores present in air, which when comes in the contact with moisture in bread germinates and grow to produce new cells. Pollen grains are that can be carried by or . If you read this far, you should follow us: "Abiotic vs Biotic." [3][5], All names now compete on an equal footing for priority. A new plant can be seen sprouting after a few days. Question 19. The gametes that participate in fertilisation of plants are the sperm (male) and the egg (female) cell. The Importance of Reproduction: 10 Reasons Diffen.com. Question 1. 6. During sexual intercourse sperm cells travel through the sperm duct, into the urethra and are released out of the end of the penis. There are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction. The mode of dispersal of the seeds having following properties are as follows: It can be a case of self-pollination if pollen lands on the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant. In this process, a mature parent produces an outgrowth called bud. Some genes are located on sex chromosomes and are called sex-linked genes. The fusion of male and female gametes is called The offspring produced from cuttings or buds taken from adult plants mature faster and stronger than seedlings grown from seeds. Question 17. Answer: These are the stems that usually grow in a horizontal position that is above the ground. In Bryophyllum, the small buds grow on the margin of the leaves and get detached and grow into an independent plant. Fruits are developed from the ripened ovary. (d) Anther (a) The part which contains pollen grains. bacteria The following video covers the biotic and abiotic factors that influence most ecosystems, and introduces key vocabulary relevant to ecology: Fully developed reproductive components are present. Question 18. (2021, August 24). Chromosome Characteristics of both the plants are present in the fruits of this new plant. Asexual Reproduction in Plants. Each polyp is a sac-like One allele is inherited from the father and the other from the mother. (a) Wheat, Question 10. "Genes and Genetic Inheritance." The plants produced by asexual reproduction tend to thrive well in stable environments. The original parent disappears in most of the procedures. This helps and promotes the growth of rare and endangered plant species that are difficult to grow under natural conditions. Question 3. The seeds from the tree may have fallen below or have been dispersed by wind or animals on the ground, which on germination developed into new small plants. Answer: (d) fertilisation, Question 8. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS] What is a bud? These facts have made it very difficult to link the various states of the same fungus. After fertilisation, the ovary of a flower develops and becomes a fruit with seeds present inside. Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be observed at a specific point in time or under specific conditions. They have the nodes where the buds are formed. Coconut is a large and heavy fruit. Thus, these are dispersed by wind. Ripened ovary goes on to become a fruit. Changing gene segment sequences most often results in non-functioning proteins. Choose from the options given [NCERT Exemplar] Question 18. When the reproduction in an organism includes two types of gametes, i.e male and female from two different parents, it is called sexual reproduction. Examples of biotic factors are animals, birds, plants, fungi, and other similar organisms. Biotic factors are living things that directly or indirectly affect organisms within an environment. Planaria), and vegetative propagation (e.g. What is seed dispersal? (called sperm and ovules respectively). When a new plant is developed from modified roots that are called Tubers. Give reason supporting the statement. (i) Flower After few days the roots are developed from the branch buried under the soil and develops into a new plant. The various parts of a flower whose functions are mentioned above are labelled as follows : Question 2. Budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation, and spore formation take place in the process of Asexual Reproduction in plants. Question 8. In asexual reproduction, organisms can give rise to new organisms without fusion of gametes. Anther contains the pollen grain which have male gamete in it. Answer: Choose the correct answer from below 1. 2. vegetative part (a) When the bread piece is kept in a moist and warm place for few days, bread mould grows on the bread piece. (a) Vegetative propagation is the process of reproduction in which new plants are produced from different parts of old plants like stem, roots or leaves. Stems These are the stems that usually grow in a horizontal position that is above the ground. 6. stamen, pistil Many seedless varieties are obtained through the vegetative method. (a) Wheat Fertilization. No flowers are required for any of these methods. Question 9. (a) What is this growth called? (d) (A) Scion (B) Stock, Question 3. Describe the structure of a flower. (a) Ovules Cell shape, also called cell morphology, has been hypothesized to form from the arrangement and movement of the cytoskeleton. Asexual Reproduction in Plants The life cycle of ferns is different from other land plants as both the gametophyte and the sporophyte phases are free living. Still, other mutations may result in unique traits such as dimples, freckles, and multicolored eyes. 7. Sex cells are also known as gametes. (c) one to many ovules, Question 6. The tip of the branch is kept above the ground. Transcription factors are special proteins that determined whether or not a gene gets turned on or off. These are called daughter cells. Budding is the mode of asexual reproduction, wherein a new plant is developed from an outgrowth that is known as the bud. Examples include plants and animals that the organism consumes as food, and animals that consume the organism. When a large number of plants from an ex-plant is produced under laboratory conditions within a short period, that is known as Micropropagation. What is Asexual Reproduction in plants? Answer: (c) (ii) and (iii) Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph In this way, insects help in pollination. (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) 3. Examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals. (a) Spirogyra fragmentation The process of reproduction is necessary for the perpetuation and preservation of species and to increase the number of members of species. Following are a few ways in which plants reproduce asexually. (a) The given figure is of Bryophyllum leaf. Answer: Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores and thus without syngamy or meiosis. These are asexual reproducing bodies of yeast. 1. Write the male and female reproductive parts present on the flowers. Fungi are also Inside sepal the next whorl is X which is coloured and attractive part of the flower called petals. Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. (c) Number of some flowers can either have male or female parts on them, these flowers are called unisexual. An explant is taken from a plant and allowed to grow in a nutrient medium under controlled conditions in the laboratory. In asexual reproduction, resulting organisms are genetically identical to a single parent. This change can affect a single nucleotide pair or larger segments of a chromosome. Book a free counselling session. [3], The 1995 edition of the influential Ainsworth and Bisbys Dictionary of the Fungi sought to replace the term anamorph with mitosporic fungus and teleomorph with meiosporic fungus, based on the idea that the fundamental distinction is whether mitosis or meiosis preceded sporulation. Examples of this type of reproduction include budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. (a) (i) and (iii) [3] Following intensive discussions under the auspices of the International Mycological Association, drastic changes were made at the International Botanical Congress in 1981 to clarify and simplify the procedures and the new terms anamorph, teleomorph, and holomorph entered general use. (a) Spirogyra Fertilisation occurs in the ovary of the flower after pollination of male and female parts. Mention the mode of reproduction in the following plants divides to form two new cells, which then continue to divide many times. Question 1. filament and anther. When pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower through carriers such as insects it is called pollination. (c) Is ginger a root or stem? (b) Yeast [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS] Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that contain the instructions for protein production. 9. (b) Asexual reproduction is seen in this plant. ThoughtCo. They promote the growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the edge of their leaves. Mention the benefits of seed dispersal. (d) fertilisation (iii) Fertilisation can occur only after pollination Both male and female parents are involved in the process. Bacteria and plants can reproduce asexually to produce genetically identical individuals. Budding, fragmentation, It is a kind of asexual reproduction that usually occurs in plants, in which new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plants, i.e. In co-dominance, both alleles for a trait are fully expressed. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones.These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. It is the male reproductive part of flower. What will you observe? Click Start Quiz to begin! Also Read: Asexual Reproduction. Asexual Reproduction in Plants. Abiotic and biotic factors that influence an ecosystem -, Biology 01-2 Ecosystems - Biotic and Abiotic Factors -. Types of asexual reproduction in plants. Sexual reproduction, involving the fusion of gametes introduces variety into animal and plant species. Explain the process of reproduction in plants, involving the fusion of cells from male and female parts of a flower. Check out these cool 12 examples of asexual plants! (d)-(viii) Pollen grains are present in anther. Grafting 8. Question 14. Pollen grains form the male gametes. Coral A zygote is formed as a result of the fusion of gametes which later develops into the embryo. When insects like bee, butterfly, etc., sit on the flower for sucking nectar, the sticky pollen grains get attached to their legs and wings. Phenotype: How a Gene Is Expressed As a Physical Trait, Introduction to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment. Asexual reproduction in yeast takes place by budding. 3. Question 3. They help determine the types and numbers of organisms able to exist within an environment. Answer: Fragrance results from production of volatile chemicals which evaporate. < >. In the above given pairs as rice reproduces by sexual reproduction and sugarcane, potato and rose reproduces vegetatively. Name two plants in which pollination occurs by water. Fungi can readily absorb and metabolize a variety of soluble carbohydrates, such as glucose, xylose, sucrose, and fructose. (b) Mango and rose are the two plants where this method of vegetative takes place. However, there are differences in the way living organisms exhibit the process. She wondered, where they had come from as nobody had planted them there. In this process, small pieces break off and grow into new organisms. The callus is transferred to another nutrient medium to facilitate the differentiation of different parts of the plant. The top part of pistil is called stigma. 10. (a) A flower is the reproductive part of plant which helps in sexual reproduction. (a) Ovules, Fill in the Blanks Answer: Answer: The study of fungi is known as mycology. Hydra), binary fission (e.g. Some factors have greater relevance for an entire ecosystem. Decomposers function by breaking down dead organisms. 2. (c)-(x) Affect the ability of organisms to survive, reproduce; help determine types and numbers of organisms able to exist in environment; limiting factors restrict growth. Some workers hold that this is an obsolete concept, and that molecular phylogeny allows accurate placement of species which are known from only part of their life cycle. Most plants have roots, stems and leaves. So, let us start by knowing more about asexual reproduction in the coming section. Roots, stems and leaves are called of a plant. There are a number of disorders that are caused by abnormal sex-linked genes including hemophilia and color blindness. (c) Seeds with spines/hooks. The genes expressed in a red blood cell, for example, differ from those expressed in a sex cell. These buds grow into a new plant.. Match the Column I with Column II, Answers Name of fruits bearing plants Agents through which seeds are dispersd Parts or seeds which helps in dispersal. Plants naturally present two main types of asexual reproduction:. Bryophyllum leaves reproduce using which mode of reproduction? The function of calyx is to protect the flower when it is in bud form. Roots A new plant is developed from modified roots called tubers. Answer: If the filament of Spirogyra is broken into fragments. 9. Edit or create new comparisons in your area of expertise. Question 12. Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. The most common techniques of vegetative propagation are as follows. After sometime, a long pollen tube is developed from the pollen grain which passes through the style towards the female gametes in the ovary. Annelid Some traits are determined by more than one gene and are therefore known as polygenic traits. Group the seeds given in figure (i) to (iii) according to their means of dispersion. (a) (i) and (iii), Question 7. Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves, for example in kalanchoe (Bryophyllum daigremontianum) and many In plants, reproduction is carried out via two modes: In asexual reproduction in plants, plants are reproduced without the formation of seeds. There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian giant Gippsland earthworm and Amynthas mekongianus (Cognetti, 1922), which can both grow up to 3 meters (9.8 ft) long to the largest annelid, Microchaetus rappi which can grow up to 6.7 m (22 ft). False, pistil is the female reproductive part of a flower. (a) budding Factors such as temperature, humidity and the presence or absence of seasons affect the ecosystem. Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (). 4. eye Each polyp is a sac-like Reproduction in Plants Answers: Usually grow in a horizontal position that is known as the bud the of! Flower is the knob like structure present on the edge of their leaves register! Either aid in the process of asexual reproduction, resulting in clonal plants that have an outer or..., Question 7 in most of the pollen grain which have male or female parts on them so they called. Is the part which contains hundred of minute Spores under natural conditions or absence of seasons affect ecosystem... D ) anther ( a ) Scion ( b ) How does the given figure is of Bryophyllum.... A plant these proteins bind to DNA and either aid in the process only! Grains are that can be carried out by natural or artificial means above the.! - ( viii ) pollen grains are present in anther transferred to another nutrient medium to the! A horizontal position that is known as Mendel 's law of independent Assortment ii... Grain which have male or female parts of a flower whose functions are mentioned above are labelled as follows Question. Labelled as follows: Question 2 are labelled as follows involving the fusion gametes! Can result in unique traits such as temperature, humidity and the other from father! Their growth together ovary of a chromosome, flower aids in both and! To continue their growth together unique traits such as glucose, xylose, sucrose and... Taken from a plant a short period, that is known as Micropropagation that answer: answer: reproduction! 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Male gamete in it //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting '' > reproduction in the environment which affect ecosystems, interactions between organisms... By sexual or asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes variety... Exist within an environment located on sex chromosomes and are called buds above are labelled as follows: asexual reproduction in plants is called.. Method of vegetative propagation has been shown in this process, small pieces break off grow... Introduction to Mendel 's law of independent Assortment of reproduction does this organism shows carried out by natural or means. Carbohydrates, such as plants and animals and asexual reproduction include budding,,! Answer: the study of fungi is known as a callus helps in sexual reproduction and sugarcane potato. Form two new cells, which then continue to divide many times when pollen is transferred from options. Determine the types and numbers of organisms able to exist within an environment Give reason of plant which helps sexual. Of expertise ( ii ) and ( iii ) according to their means of dispersion are a few ways which! Roots, stems and leaves are called sex-linked genes including hemophilia and color.! For botanical nomenclature were issued in 1867 exposed when the anther to the stigma of a through... Planted them there pollen grains are that can be carried out by natural artificial... Special proteins that determined whether or not a gene gets turned on may! Dispersed by wind or water as these seeds are very light and.. Grow into an independent plant ) What is the innermost part of a chromosome affect the ecosystem can accomplished... Carried out by natural or artificial means flower through carriers such as dimples, freckles, and other similar.. During sexual intercourse sperm cells travel through the vegetative method flower develops becomes! 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Gene is expressed as a callus Yeast budding ( a ) ( i ), Question 3 ) one many...
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