1 0 obj In goats Muellerius capillaris is the most common lung worm. Severe clinical conditions occur when the organism is associated with other infectious agents, such as mycoplasma, chlamydia, and viruses [7, 9]. 85, no. PCR assays are now considered as powerful as well as novel means of detection and quantification of the nucleic acids of PPR virus in various types of clinical samples. FOIA Keywords: 40, no. 171, no. 103108, 2006. 47, no. [9], Genetic recombination can occur when two or more viral genomes are present in the same host cell. Radiography may also reveal the extent of the lesion. 443458, 2011. 187, no. N. S. Maan, N. S. Maan, M. Guimera et al., Genome sequence of a reassortant strain of bluetongue virus serotype 23 from western India, Journal of Virology, vol. Fresh samples are the prerequisites for isolation of Pasteurella multocida and subsequently demonstration of the bipolar staining characteristic. 70, no. The development in diagnostic technologies has confirmed over the past that BTV is now widely spread in several parts of India [136, 138]. 4, pp. It's possible that the page is temporarily unavailable, has been moved, renamed, or no longer exists. 12, pp. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. 910, 2011. In both sheep and goat flocks, respiratory diseases may be encountered affecting individuals or groups, resulting in poor live weight gain and high rate of mortality [5]. P. Nagavelli, An investigation into the serological and molecular diagnosis of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) [Ph.D. thesis], (M.Med. 105133, 2013. Manytimes due to environmental stress, immunosuppression, and deficient managemental practices, secondary invaders more severely affect the diseased individuals; moreover, mixed infections with multiple aetiology are also common phenomena [5, 8, 13, 15]. N. S. Maan, S. Maan, M. Guimera et al., The genome sequence of a reassortant bluetongue virus serotype 3 from India, Journal of Virology, vol. 196209, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 2nd edition, 2002. Several serological tests like agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), immunoprecipitation (IP), and competitive ELISA (cELISA) are used for the diagnosis of Ovine progressive pneumonia with the use of methionine-labelled antigen A [73]. The authors disclose no conflicts of interest. 4, no. This makes the basis for the molecular diagnosis of parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goat using PCR [130]. 53, no. 7066, pp. 44, no. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. 167195, Elsevier, London, UK, 2009. S. Bell, Respiratory disease in sheep 2. Dumenil T, Le TT, Rawle DJ, Yan K, Tang B, Nguyen W, Bishop C, Suhrbier A. Sci Total Environ. %PDF-1.5 4, pp. Mycoplasmainfection associated syndromes range from septicemia (acute) along with death to chronicity of infection that results in reduced production [150]. Our faculty study many aspects of microbial pathogenesis, microbial communities and the interactions with and functions of the immune system. B. Weiss, DNA probes and PCR for diagnosis of parasitic infections, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. Arch Virol. 1, pp. Simultaneously, development of molecular techniques like PCR particularly multiplex PCR is very useful for the identification and differentiation of etiological agents from such complex conditions [21]. To make this small ruminant based economy viable and sustainable, development of techniques for early and accurate diagnosis holds prime importance. 518528, 2010. S. N. Sapre, An outbreak of bluetongue in goats and sheep, Indian Veterinary Review, vol. A. J. DaMassa, P. S. Wakenell, and D. L. Brooks, Mycoplasmas of goats and sheep, Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, vol. K. S. Choi, J. J. Nah, Y. J. Ko, S. Y. Kang, K. J. Yoon, and N. I. Jo, Antigenic and immunogenic investigation of B-cell epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein of peste des petits ruminants virus, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, vol. 156, no. 99104, 1997. 7379, 2012. acute: bluetongue, PPR, Pasteurellosis, and parainfluenza. 2014 Aug;91(8):894-903. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000284. These small ruminants are valuable assets because of their significant contribution to meat, milk, and wool production, and potential to replicate and grow rapidly. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. R. C. Cutlip, H. D. Lehmkuhl, J. M. Sacks, and A. L. Weaver, Seroprevalence of ovine progressive pneumonia virus in sheep in the United States as assessed by analyses of voluntarily submitted samples, American Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. Not to be confused with the, ProMED. [7] The receptor usage is not very conserved; for example, among Sarbecovirus, only a sub-lineage containing SARS share the ACE2 receptor. P. Saravanan, R. P. Singh, V. Balamurugan et al., Development of a N gene-based PCR-ELISA for detection of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in clinical samples, Acta Virologica, vol. 7583, 2002. The conventional methods for diagnosis of mycoplasmosis include isolation of caprine and ovine mycoplasma in modified Hanks Balanced Salt Solution Liquid Media (MBHS-L), followed by biochemical characterization and staining [7, 9, 105]. Here are some suggestions to find what you are looking for: 37, 2000. It has been observed that there is no development of cross-immune reaction in sheep, which are naturally parasitized with all the three larval stages (as detected by DD test) and with L2 larvae (as detected by IH test) [124]. B. etinkaya, M. Karahan, E. Atil, R. Kalin, T. De Baere, and M. Vaneechoutte, Identification of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from sheep and goats by PCR, Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 7, pp. D. C. Ruffin, Mycoplasma infections in small ruminants, The Veterinary Clinics of North America. 179185, 2009. 177187, 1984. 3, pp. Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 PCR as well as automated sequencing technologies have been developed for molecular diagnosis of the disease [128]. U. Sadique, Z. I. Chaudhry, M. Younas et al., Molecular characterization of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in small ruminants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, vol. Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics? 459468, 1993. eCollection 2020. 104108, 2011. 57, supplement 2-3, pp. The postmortem findings are limited mainly to the alimentary tract that consists of erosive stomatitis (extensive in nature) as well as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. H. Bocklisch, V. Zepezauer, H. Pftzner, and S. Kreusel, Demonstration of Mycoplasma in sheep pneumonia and experimental pneumonia produced by Mycoplasma arginini, Archiv fur experimentelle Veterinarmedizin, vol. 2020 Sep 11;11:552909. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552909. PMC The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests in the publication of this paper. 513, 2013. 6473, 2014. J. 42, no. Repetitive extragenic palindromic REP-PCR as well as single prime PCR has been found to be useful for differentiating various serogroups of the bacteria [95, 96]. 351355, 1988. AA OG>H. These diseases alone or in combination with other associated conditions may have acute or chronic onset and are a significant cause of losses to the sheep industry [3, 10]. A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. D. F. York, R. Vigne, D. W. Verwoerd, and G. Querat, Nucleotide sequence of the jaagsiekte retrovirus, an exogenous and endogenous type D and B retrovirus of sheep and goats, Journal of Virology, vol. 75357545, 2011. Thus, the respiratory diseases can also be classified on the basis of onset and duration of disease as mentioned below [3, 9, 14, 18]:(1)acute: bluetongue, PPR, Pasteurellosis, and parainfluenza,(2)chronic: mycoplasmosis, verminous pneumonia, nasal myiasis, and enzootic nasal tumors,(3)progressive: Ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, and pulmonary adenomatosis. RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Jaagsiekte is very important in order to formulate prevention as well as control strategies. and transmitted securely. 2023, 2013. M. F. Rebouas, R. W. Portela, D. D. Lima et al., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis secreted antigen-induced specific gamma-interferon production by peripheral blood leukocytes: potential diagnostic marker for caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats, Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, vol. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 2, no. The .gov means its official. Optom Vis Sci. D. G. Pugh, Sheep and Goat Medicine, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2002. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. 54445452, 2007. 53, no. M1 Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Integrate Rod and Melanopsin Inputs to Signal in Low Light. Such infections pose a major obstacle to the intensive rearing of sheep and goat and diseases like PPR, bluetongue, and ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (Jaagsiekte) adversely affect international trade [2, 9, 10, 13], ultimately hampering the economy. For differential diagnosis of PPRV from Rinderpest virus, also the assay has been found to be useful [27]. Epub 2004 Oct 11. 118, 2007. Purification of the JSRV p26 has been done as a potential diagnostic antigen by both Western blot and ELISA. 23, no. G. O. Egwu, J. Single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis has been developed to detect capsid antigen (CA) of OPPV that uses two anti-CAEV monoclonal antibodies, namely, 5A1 as well as 10A1 along with two enzyme-based IHC systems. Infect Genet Evol. 7, pp. 758765, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, South Africa. H. Fred, H. Gill, and M. Powell, Foot Rot in Sheep, Extension AS-B-300, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn, USA, 2008. Analyses of the nucleotide sequence as well as phylogenetic comparisons of genome segment 2 that encodes outer-capsid protein VP2 help in creation of segment-2 database [53]. Both disrupted whole virus and recombinant viral proteins have been utilized in indirect ELISAs which have shown high sensitivity as well as specificity of detection [73]. D. Otranto and J. R. Stevens, Molecular approaches to the study of myiasis-causing larvae, International Journal for Parasitology, vol. These two tests in particular detect two species of Mycoplasma, namely, Mycoplasma capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens from nasal swab and lung cultures [118]. Cell Rep. 2019 Dec 10;29(11):3349-3355.e2. Americans today are increasingly connected to the world of digital information while on the go via smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices. 761767, 1996. 311334, 1983. Calvo C, Alcolea S, Casas I, Pozo F, Iglesias M, Gonzalez-Esguevillas M, Luz Garca-Garca M. Pediatr Infect Dis J. The order Nidovirales is named for the Latin nidus, which means 'nest'. Non-COVID-19 respiratory viral infection. Stanhope MJ, Brown JR, Amrine-Madsen H. Evidence from the evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences for a recombinant history of SARS-CoV. The main objective of developing this test is to detect the presence of antibodies against the bacterial exotoxin. R. Deb, S. Chakraborty, B. M. Veeregowda, A. K. Verma, R. Tiwari, and K. Dhama, Monoclonal antibody and its use in the diagnosis of livestock diseases, Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, vol. Synthetic peptide and multiple antigenic peptide based antigen has been employed in ELISA for detection of PPR virus antibodies. Kidney International (KI) is the official journal of the International Society of Nephrology. 4, pp. The PCR has been found to be both sensitive and specific in addition to its rapidity of detecting C. pseudotuberculosis from sheep that are naturally infected [99]. Confirmation of serotype has been done by sequencing of the cDNA amplicons and subsequently phylogenetic analysis is done for comparing with reference strains that are previously characterized [52, 54]. 14, no. The CDC says that you should wear the most protective Recently, novel Indian isolates of BTV 21 were detected employing real-time PCR assay [44]. Titration of the PPRV antigen can be done by the use of both haemagglutination (HA) and HI tests [3941]. Small ruminants are especially sensitive to respiratory infections, namely, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, mostly as a result of deficient management practices that make these animals more susceptible to infectious agents. For this purpose, it is required to extract the DNA while removing the PCR inhibitors. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. Instead of analysis of the amplified product by means of agarose gel electrophoresis, its detection is done on a plate by ELISA using labeled probe. For serotyping, the tests include rapid slide agglutination test as well as indirect haemagglutination test (for capsular typing); for somatic typing an agglutination test; and agar gel immunodiffusion for both capsular and somatic typing. For development of an assay based on serology, identification of three proteins has been done as candidate diagnostic antigens, namely, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) p26 (which is a group specific antigen), the transmembrane, and the open reading frame (ORF)-X proteins. chronic: mycoplasmosis, verminous pneumonia, nasal myiasis, and enzootic nasal tumors. , Brown JR, Amrine-Madsen H. Evidence from the evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences for recombinant. 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