Transfection B. Nowack, R. Schulin, and B. H. Robinson, Critical assessment of chelant-enhanced metal phytoextraction, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. Appl Biochem Microbiol. 31, no. Fontana GA, Hess D, Reinert JK, Mattarocci S, Falquet B, Klein D, Shore D, Thoma NH, Rass U. Rif1 S-acylation mediates DNA double-strand break repair at the inner nuclear membrane. 99, no. 18, no. Johnson EA, Lewis MJ. 31, 688691 (2013). The result was a promising strategy to decrease ergosterol biosynthesis and, consequently, increase the carbon flux towards astaxanthin biosynthesis (Fig. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation.Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including: Several classes of chemicals used for soil washing include surfactants, cosolvents, cyclodextrins, chelating agents, and organic acids [101106]. The techniques advantages are (i) its low invasivity, (ii) simplicity and rapidity, (iii) relatively inexpensive, and (iv) small amount of wastes are produced, (v) high public acceptability, (vi) covers a broad spectrum of inorganic pollutants. A single melt can treat up to 1000 tons of contaminated soil to depths of 20 feet, at a typical treatment rate of 3 to 6 tons per hour. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. Then, transcription of genes involved in sterol biosynthesis is activated [121], and concomitantly carotenoids biosynthesis decreases [86]. Similarly, Yamada et al. Other factors that may influence the form, concentration, and distribution of metal contaminants include soil and ground-water chemistry and local transport mechanisms [3]. It can also be used to reestablish a plant community on sites that have been denuded due to the high levels of metal contamination. Curr. 152, no. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. To grow poplar hybrids under drought stress, Hennig et al. A. M. Ure, PH. Balancing a heterologous mevalonate pathway for improved isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology In addition, the CYP61 disruption in wild-type X. dendrorhous strains increased the HMG1 expression levels from 2 to 5 times during astaxanthin biosynthesis [95]. [73], by means of a transcriptional analysis, showed that supply of 25% dissolved oxygen leads to 2.5-fold increase of crtYB and crtI expression, and 1.5-fold increase of crtR and crtS expression. Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Water is polluted with Zn, due to the presence of large quantities present in the wastewater of industrial plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Nowadays, metabolic engineering of X. dendrorhous has not led to competitive astaxanthin (3R, 3R) overproducing mutants. J. L. Buelt and L. E. Thompson, The In situ Vitrification Integrated Program: Focusing on an Innovative Solution on Environmental Restoration Needs, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Wash, USA, 1992. 1B) was detected [89, 91]. To overcome these shortfalls, chemically enhanced phytoextraction has been developed. The enzyme/protoplast solution was diluted with an equal volume of MMG solution (0.4 M mannitol, 15 mM MgCl 2 and 4 mM MES with a pH of 5.7). It is estimated that by the end of 2020 there will be a turnover in carotenoids sales of around $1.85billion USD. Pure Appl Chem. Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, consistency and rank, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. 13, pp. Acetyl-CoA produced after glycolysis is introduced into the mevalonate pathway to yield isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) [17, 20]. Olaizola M, Huntley ME. Rosen, Lead in the home garden and urban soil environment, Communication and Educational Technology Services, University of Minnesota Extension, 2002. Increase in the astaxanthin synthase gene (crtS) dose by in vivo DNA fragment assembly in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Soil washing as discussed in this review refers to ex situ techniques that employ physical and/or chemical procedures to extract metal contaminants from soils. Plant Biotechnol. C. Keller, S. P. McGrath, and S. J. Dunham, Trace metal leaching through a soil-grassland system after sewage sludge application, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 2, no. Nevertheless, -carotene and (3R, 3R)-astaxanthin yields are still low. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2016;7:1138. 70, 667697 (2019). 2, pp. This solution is then treated to remove the contaminants (e.g., by sorption on activated carbon or ion exchange) [91, 95]. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. Nevertheless, the crtR expression levels may be variable and limiting between different mutant strains due to their polymorphism [40, 86] and different capacities to displace carbon flux towards the different metabolic pathways [84]. 109120, 2002. Based on application, the five main branches are: (1) Animal Biotechnology (2) Medical Biotechnology (3) Industrial Biotechnology (4) Environmental Biotechnology and (5) Plant Biotechnology. Unless the metal ion is transported as a noncationic chelate, apoplastic transport is further limited by the high cation exchange capacity of cell walls [46]. In practice, it may be more convenient to employ a hybrid of two or more of these approaches for more cost effectiveness. The development of novel foods or novel food ingredients through application of a novel process, could result in unintended changes in the composition of the food product which could in turn have an impact on the nutritional value of the food and the nutritional status of the persons consuming it. B. H. Jasperse and C. R. Ryan, Stabilization and fixation using soil mixing, in Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Conference on Grouting, Soil Improvement, and Geosynthetics, ASCE Publications, Reston, Va, USA, 1992. Rice protoplast isolation and transformation were performed as described previously with minor modifications 41. J. Labanowski, F. Monna, A. Bermond et al., Kinetic extractions to assess mobilization of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd in a metal-contaminated soil: EDTA vs. citrate, Environmental Pollution, vol. Sun, F. J. Zhao, E. Lombi, and S. P. McGrath, Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA, Environmental Pollution, vol. 3, pp. In contrast, H. pluvialis produces (3S, 3S)-astaxanthin in high yields, but it is esterified by palmitic, stearic or linoleic acids [13, 14, 17, 18], which requires hydrolysis by lipases before it can be assimilated. C. D. Jadia and M. H. Fulekar, Phytoremediation of heavy metals: recent techniques, African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. In all cases, the separated contaminants then go to hazardous waste landfill (or occasionally are further treated by chemical, thermal, or biological processes). thesis, School of Life Sciences Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2005. 1A) [17, 20], while the (3S, 3S) form is mainly produced by Haematococcus pluvialis [17, 21]. Article Plant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.011 (2019). Biochim Biophys Acta. 249258, 2009. Yiping Qi. Vitrified material with certain characteristics may be obtained by using additives such as sand, clay, and/or native soil. Cadmium is very biopersistent but has few toxicological properties and, once absorbed by an organism, remains resident for many years. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Protoplast Fusion: Meaning, Methods and Its Mechanisms This process uses organic materials such as bitumen, polyethylene, paraffins, waxes, and other polyolefins as thermoplastic or thermosetting resins. Currently, some laboratories are using traditional breeding techniques, others are creating protoplast-fusion hybrids, and still others are looking at the direct insertion of novel genes to enhance the metabolic capabilities of plants . Plant Biol. 29 March 2022, BMC Biotechnology Turck, F., Fornara, F. & Coupland, G. Regulation and identity of florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage. Utilization of mustard waste isolates for improved production of astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Portland cement, a mixture of Ca silicates, aluminates, aluminoferrites, and sulfates, is an important cement-based material. Acid and chelator soil washing are the two most prevalent removal methods [94]. This is why it is important to consider them in the metabolic engineering processes to generate astaxanthin overproducing strains [74]. 4, no. Within the possible scenarios of metabolic engineering in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, overproduction of NADPH [49, 50, 118], through the overexpression of citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, in addition to the overproduction of malate dehydrogenase, could increase the accumulation of carotenoid precursors and push the carbon flux towards astaxanthin biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous. One can define agricultural biotechnology as a set of scientific techniques which can improve plants, micro-organisms, and animals based on DNA and its concepts. Produce high yielding varieties crop plants. In terms of bioactivity, non-esterified (3S, 3S and 3R, 3R)-astaxanthin applied to lymphocytes and peritoneal exudates of mice [22], promote cell proliferation, killer cell cytotoxic and phagocytic activity. The yeast X. dendrorhous (also known as Phaffia rhodozyma in its teleomorphic state) is a basidiomycete that exceptionally produces xanthophylls in response to lipoperoxidation caused by environmental stress [36, 37]. 1B) [31, 49, 51, 88]. Zinc may also increase the acidity of waters. Google Scholar. 174185, 1995. Integration of additional copies of crtE and crtS using a Cre/lox-P system [59]. The larger part of all Ni compounds that are released to the environment will adsorb to sediment or soil particles and become immobile as a result. In the absence of glucose, Mig1 is phosphorylated by Snf1 kinase, and allocated to the cytoplasm. SREBP pathway responds to sterols and functions as an oxygen sensor in fission yeast. Biological roles of fungal carotenoids. In addition, acid rain and the resulting acidification of soils and surface waters have increased the geochemical mobility of Cd, and as a result its surface-water concentrations tend to increase as lake water pH decreases [54]. The regulatory authorities will normally accept remediation strategies that centre on reducing metal bioavailability only if reduced bioavailability is equated with reduced risk, and if the bioavailability reductions are demonstrated to be long term [66]. The sales of astaxanthin represents 29% of the total with a 2.3% annual increase [11]. Chloroplast-selective gene delivery and expression in planta using Moreover, as mentioned earlier in Importance of crtR in the carotenoids metabolic pathway section, Yamamoto et al. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time. 5564, 2010. 7, no. In addition to pigments, X. dendrorhous genome encodes a vast battery of anti-oxidative enzymes such as catalases and superoxide dismutases [38]. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. Misawa N, Shimada H. Metabolic engineering for the production of carotenoids in non-carotenogenic bacteria and yeasts. Based on application, the five main branches are: (1) Animal Biotechnology (2) Medical Biotechnology (3) Industrial Biotechnology (4) Environmental Biotechnology and (5) Plant Biotechnology. Genes, enzymes, and substrates that participate in the metabolic pathway are shown in red, blue, and black, respectively. Heavy metals: recent techniques, African Journal of Biotechnology, vol 3R, 3R ) overproducing.! 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