The polyphenol composition of different Brassica species has been described, revealing distinct qualitative and quantitative profiles. Nielsen J.K., Olsen C.E., Petersen M.K. Melguizo-Rodrguez L., Illescas-Montes R., Costela-Ruiz V.J., Ramos-Torrecillas J., de Luna-Bertos E., Garca-Martnez O., Ruiz C. Antimicrobial properties of olive oil phenolic compounds and their regenerative capacity towards fibroblast cells. Similar trends were noted in other works [122, 123] which concluded that EAE should be regarded as an alternative method for improved extraction of insoluble-bound phenolics (linked to carbohydrates and proteins of cell wall matrices) from winemaking by-products. Brassica crops have been related to the reduction of the risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Guest J.F., Ayoub N., McIlwraith T., Uchegbu I., Gerrish A., Weidlich D., Vowden K., Vowden P. Health economic burden that wounds impose on the National Health Service in the UK. Zum Felde T., Baumert A., Strack D., Becker H.C., Mollers C. Genetic variation for sinapate ester content in winter rapeseed (, Auger B., Marnet N., Gautier V., Maia-Grondard A., Leprince F., Renard M., Guyot S., Nesi N., Routaboul J.M. The increasing consumers demands to acquire healthier fruits and vegetables as well as the urgency in looking to natural compounds with antioxidant activity and enhanced antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains have encouraged a quick expansion of research studies about enhanced phenolic extraction and identification methods. J Supercrit Fluids 65:1824, Allen SD, Rusnack MR (2006) Process for extracting carotenoids from fruit and vegetable processing waste. In a chemosystematic survey on wild Brassica relatives, Aguinagalde et al. Application of advanced methods in extraction of polyphenols in different foods and agro-waste matrices [6373]. This flavonoid has displayed the ability to prevent the oxidation of LDL by scavenging free radicals and chelating transition metal ions. Sep Purif Technol 66:5156, Rezzadori K, Benedetti S, Amante ER (2012) Proposals for the residues recovery: orange waste as raw material for new products. Thus, Do et al. Sytar O., Hemmerich I., Zivcak M., Rauh C., Brestic M. Comparative analysis of bioactive phenolic compounds composition from 26 medicinal plants. Changes in broccoli (, Harbaum B., Hubbermann E.M., Zhu Z.J., Schwarz K. Free and bound phenolic compounds in leaves of pak choi (, Romani A., Vignolini P., Isolani L., Ieri F., Heimler D. HPLC-DAD/MS characterization of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic derivatives in turnip tops (, Ferreres F., Valentao P., Pereira J.A., Bento A., Noites A., Seabra R.M., Andrade P.B. Turnip roots seem to be a less interesting edible part compared to leaves or inflorescences due to the very low amounts of phenolic compounds and the small antioxidant capacity found in this organ. Phenolic acids. An interesting aspect for future research is to clarify the genotype environmental interactions on the flavonoid composition in plants. Shukla R., Kashaw S.K., Jain A.P., Lodhi S. Fabrication of Apigenin loaded gellan gumchitosan hydrogels (GGCH-HGs) for effective diabetic wound healing. In vivo assays by Sntar et al. J. antioxidant activity; biosynthesis; fresh-cut fruits; fresh-cut vegetables; phenolic compounds. Phytopharm. GA also activates factors that play a relevant role in wound healing, such as focal adhesion kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and kinases regulated by extracellular signals [47]. Phenolics in Herbal and Nutraceutical Products. J Food Drug Anal 25(3):488500, Sagar NA, Pareek S, Sharma S et al (2018) Fruit and vegetable waste: bioactive compounds, their extraction, and possible utilization. Another experimental study in normal and obese rats showed that artichoke extract lowers blood sugar [103]. ABCG2 reduces ROS-mediated toxicity and inflammation: A potential role in Alzheimer's disease. [101], who introduced the IFS gene into Arabidopsis in order to convert naringenin, which is ubiquitous in higher plants, to the isoflavone genistein. An official website of the United States government. LWT-Food Sci Technol 49:213216, Kammerer D, Claus A, Schieber A et al (2005) A novel process for the recovery of polyphenols from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace. Li et al. Numerous phytochemical compounds, including polyphenols, have been extracted MAE system as shown in Table 4. J Ethnopharmacol 196:124140, Mayanga-Torres P, Lachos-Perez D, Rezende C et al (2017) Valorization of coffee industry residues by subcritical water hydrolysis: recovery of sugars and phenolic compounds. Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. By Julia Martn, Mara Jos Navas, Ana Mara Jimnez- IntechOpen Limited These crops are generally rich in polyphenols, but the phenolic compound composition can be quite different among species and even among crops from the same species. Summary. Sulfur is an essential plant macronutrient found in cysteine and methionine amino acids, as well as in a variety of secondary metabolites. The columns used in the HPLC methods are made with smaller adsorbent particles size ranging from 2 to 50 m [137, 138]. J. Epidemiol. -, Balasubashini M. S., Rukkumani R., Viswanathan P., Menon V. P. (2004). 4126709, Joshi VK, Attri D (2006) Solid state fermentation of apple pomace for the production of value added products. In the three last decades, there has been a prolific publication of scientific studies showing that plant-derived foods and agro-food wastes from industrial transformation have huge quantities of polyphenols. Composition and content of flavonol glycosides in broccoli florets (, Romani A., Pinelli P., Galardi C., Corti G., Agnelli A., Vincieri F.F., Heimler D. Flavonoids in leaves of black cabbage (, Fernandes F., Valentao P., Sousa C., Pereira J.A., Seabra R.M., Andrade P.B. Ferreres F., Sousa C., Vrchovska V., Valentao P., Pereira J.A., Seabra R.M., Andrade P.B. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? At high doses, flavonoids may act as mutagens and, therefore, their unfavorable effects may well balance up their beneficial ones. Serarslan G., Altu E., Kontas T., Atik E., Avci G. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester accelerates cutaneous wound healing in a rat model and decreases oxidative stress. A Flexible, Efficient Binomial Mixed Model for Identifying Differential DNA Methylation in Bisulfite Sequencing Data. Over the last 15 years, numerous publications have demonstrated that besides the in vitro antioxidant capacity, certain phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, catechins, proanthocyanidins and other non-colored flavonoids may regulate different signaling pathways involved in cell survival, growth and differentiation [1,18,26]. These methods are generally based on the principle that a sample is composed of a mixture of components which are separated when the mixture passes through two phases: a mobile (liquid or gaseous) and a stationary (solid, liquid or gel). Calabriso N., Gnoni A., Stanca E., Cavallo A., Damiano F., Siculella L., Carluccio M.A. This study characterizes biologically active compounds of berry fruits, including non-nutritive compounds such as phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, stilbens and tannins, as. National Library of Medicine Cai L.M., Shi Y.C. [88] also determined the effect of nitrogen supply on leaf mustard and found that the total phenolic content was considerably decreased by increasing nitrogen fertilization. In an in vitro study, the growth of different Escherichia coli strains was inhibited by treatment with Tyr alone or combined with HTyr and OLE through the inhibition of ATP synthase. Authors detected a high number of chlorogenic acids, flavonoids (prevailing hydroxycinnamic acid esters of kaempferol and quercetin glycosides) and hydroxycinnamic acyl glycosides (with predominance of synapoyl gentiobiosides).The results obtained by these authors are relevant since they indicate that the in vitro production of shoots can become important as a dietary source of compounds with a health protective potential. Like the other polyphenols belonging to the flavonoid group, apigenin (Api) has been extensively studied for its antioxidant properties [102]. It appears that this effect could be related to the anti-inflammatory activity of Api, which was determined by Whittles method. The main flavonols in this species are quercetin and kaempferol. These and many other authors observed that the ability of enzymes to degrade cell walls and membranes enables the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds, and in several situations, the EAE technology might be the unique way to extract effectively bioactive compounds from foods and agro-industrial by-products. Starzynska A., Leja M., Mareczek A. Physiological changes in the antioxidant system of broccoli flower buds senescing during short-term storage, related to temperature and packaging. However, there are some concerns when the MAE is used to extract polyphenols. El-Seedi H.R., El-Said A.M.A., Khalifa S.A.M., Gransson U., Bohlin L., Borg-Karlson A.-K., Verpoorte R. Biosynthesis, Natural Sources, Dietary Intake, Pharmacokinetic Properties, and Biological Activities of Hydroxycinnamic Acids. [82] studied the phenolic compound composition in several cruciferous species such as Diplotaxis erucoides L., Diplotaxis tenuifolia L., Eruca sativa L., and Bunias orientalis L., all of them known as rocket crops. When there is an imbalance between ROS and antioxidant defense mechanisms, the ROS lead to the oxidative modification in cellular membranes or intracellular molecules and result in the peroxidation of membrane lipids, leading to the accumulation of lipid peroxides. Pinto M.S., Lajolo F.M., Genovese M.I. Similar to total polyphenols, total flavonoids can be measured by spectrophotometry methods, and the AlCl3 method [128, 129] is the most vulgarized method used to determine the total flavonoid content. and transmitted securely. Delaquis P., Stanich K., Toivonen P. Effect of pH on the inhibition of Listeria spp. J Pharm Biomed Anal 41:15231542, Nafisii-Movaghar K, Druz LL, Victoria CP (2013) Process for conversion of citrus peels into fiber, juice, naringin and oil. Furthermore, it has been reported that longer storage times resulted in a decreased phenolic content, e.g. However, the phenolic co They identified 17 flavonoids, mostly derivatives from kaempferol and eight hydroxycinnamic acids, being sinapic acid the most abundant (Table 2). [23] found a comparable antioxidant activity between red cabbage and Brussels sprouts, which were from 5 to 2.2-fold higher than that for white and savoy cabbages. In a study focused on B. oleracea, Podsedek et al. J Food Sci 77(8):849852, Szabo K, Teleky B, Mitrea L et al (2020) Active packaging-poly (vinyl alcohol) films enriched with tomato by-products extract. The SC-CO2 extraction is a process in which the CO2 is used as supercritical fluid and probably is one of the most widely used fluid because it is nontoxic, nonflammable, inert cheap and easily available in high quantity with high grade of purity [112]. Bioactivity of phenolic acids: Metabolites versus parent compounds: A review. 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