The other Indian languages spoken by the minorities in Singapore include Kannada, Telugu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindi, Malayalam, and Gujarati. Facebook Old Church Slavonic spread to other South-Eastern, Central, and Eastern European Slavic territories, most notably Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and principalities of the Kievan Rus' while retaining characteristically South Slavic linguistic features. [2][3], In an October 2009 poll by a pro-Russian political sociology company FOM-Ukraine of 1,000 respondents, 52% stated they use Russian as their "Language of communication"; while 41% of the respondents state they use Ukrainian and 8% stated they use a mixture of both.[4]. All "mini-ledgers" in this section show standard increasing attributes for the five elements of accounting. Through a process of change the lingua franca and Portuguese lexicon was replaced with the languages of the people in contact. In Trieste the local Venetian dialect (known as Triestine) was widely spoken, although it was the native language of only about half the city's population. [16][17][18] The overall phrase of lingua franca is also speculated to originate from "lisan al-Faranja" (Arabic: ), which also means the "language of the Franks". These elements are as follows: Assets, Liabilities, Equity (or Capital), Income (or Revenue) and Expenses. [14], English is the primary foreign language taught in Ukraine. [3][4] The term is taken from the medieval Mediterranean Lingua Franca, an Italian-based pidgin language used especially by traders in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. Whilst Ukrainian remained the country's only 'official' language nationwide, other languages, dependent on their adoption by oblast authorities, became accepted mediums of communication in education, local government offices, courts and official correspondence. When setting up the accounting for a new business, a number of accounts are established to record all business transactions that are expected to occur. [12] During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:[13]. Durning sailing you one is informed in several languages (also English) about the islands and the lagoon. The Treaty of Osimo was signed on 10 November 1975 by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Italian Republic in Osimo, Italy, to definitively divide the Free Territory of Trieste between the two states: the port city of Trieste with a narrow coastal strip to the north-west (Zone A) was given to Italy; a portion of the north-western part of the Istrian peninsula (Zone B) was given to Yugoslavia. A debit entry in an account represents a transfer of value to that account, and a credit entry represents a transfer from the account. It is said to be 22,500 or 24,000 miglia or more, or less according to various considerations and opinions, but they are not of much authenticity, since they have not been tested. Venezia Giulia, traditionally called Julian March (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene: Julijska krajina) or Julian Venetia (Italian: Venezia Giulia; Venetian: Venesia Julia; Friulian: Vignesie Julie; German: Julisch Venetien) is an area of southeastern Europe which is currently divided among Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia. During this time, the need for a term to address these pidgin languages arose, hence the shift in the meaning of Lingua Franca from a single proper noun to a common noun encompassing a large class of pidgin languages. Before the advent of computerized accounting, manual accounting procedure used a ledger book for each T-account. Ascoli emphasized the Augustan partition of Roman Italy at the beginning of the Empire, when Venetia et Histria was Regio X (the Tenth Region). [48], English is often used by non-native English speakers who have different mother tongues to communicate with one another. Pacioli devoted one section of his book to documenting and describing the double-entry bookkeeping system in use during the Renaissance by Venetian merchants, traders and bankers. The map is drawn on high-quality vellum and is set in a gilded wooden frame. The language has few set internal grammatical rules, instead co-opting national vocabularies of the speaker and audience, and modifying the words to bridge linguistic gaps, with heavy use of gesture and classifiers. DOI: Interactive scholarly edition, Deep Zoom feature, highlighted details, English and Chinese translation, multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos). AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. Then hop on board a cruise travelling between Little Venice and Camden Lock, or wander east along the canal towpath to London Zoo or Primrose Hill. All those account types increase with debits or left side entries. "Around 1420 a ship, or junk, from India crossed the Sea of India towards the Island of Men and the Island of Women, off Cape Diab, between the Green Islands and the shadows. During the late Byzantine Empire, "Franks" was a term that applied to all Western Europeans. Persian, an Iranian language, is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan (Tajik). Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East p.180, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTalbot2001 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMurthyRaoVeluthatBari1990 (, non-native English speakers who have different mother tongues, six official languages of the United Nations, British colonized the Indian subcontinent, List of languages by number of native speakers, List of languages by total number of speakers, "lingua franca definition of lingua franca in English from the Oxford dictionary", "Speaking in Tongues: Science's centuries-long hunt for a common language", "Studies on translation and multilingualism", "An etymological dictionary of modern English: Weekley, Ernest, 18651954: Free Download & Streaming: Internet Archive", "English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism? Two types of basic asset classification:[26], Liability accounts record debts or future obligations a business or entity owes to others. Ch.7. Russian is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[64]. A part of Japan, probably Kysh, appears below the island of Java, with the legend "Isola de Cimpagu" (a misspelling of Cipangu). In the accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, so, if an asset account increases (a debit (left)), then either another asset account must decrease (a credit (right)), or a liability or equity account must increase (a credit (right)). The classical approach has three golden rules, one for each type of account:[15]. From the bank's point of view, your credit card account is the bank's asset. An asset account is often referred to as a "debit account" due to the account's standard increasing attribute on the debit side. [24] The temporary accounts are closed to the Equity account at the end of the accounting period to record profit/loss for the period. The map was made for the rulers of Venice and Portugal, two of the main seafaring nations of the time. In October 2014 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine started reviewing the constitutionality of the law,[13] and on 28 February 2018 it ruled the law unconstitutional. The national language of Singapore is Malay while English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil are the four official languages in Singapore. For example, when two companies transact with one another say Company A buys something from Company B then Company A will record a decrease in cash (a Credit), and Company B will record an increase in cash (a Debit). loans, accounts payable, mortgages, debts). Hence, using a debit card or credit card causes a debit to the cardholder's account in either situation when viewed from the bank's perspective. The main circular map of the world is surrounded by four smaller spheres: About 3000 inscriptions and detailed texts describe the various geographical features on the map, as well as related information about them. ", "How Hindi Became the Language of Choice in Arunachal Pradesh. Recognize the following transaction for Quick Services in a ledger account (T-account): Quick Services has acquired a new computer which is classified as an asset within the business. Italian-Croatian bilingualism was frequent in western Istria, on the Cres-Loinj archipelago and in Rijeka, but rare elsewhere. Whereas a vernacular language is the native language of a specific geographical community,[12] a lingua franca is used beyond the boundaries of its original community, for trade, religious, political, or academic reasons. The price of the map would have been about an average copyist's annual salary.[4]. Not every single transaction needs to be entered into a T-account; usually only the sum (the batch total) of the book transactions for the day is entered in the general ledger. [25] There was no attempt to introduce Venetian into education and administration. 14, 46, Pearson/PrenticeHall 2006. Arabic was used as a lingua franca across the Islamic empires, whose sizes necessitated the need for a common language, and spread across the Arab and Muslim worlds. Below are examples of some of the more common accounts that pertain to the five accounting elements: Asset accounts are economic resources which benefit the business/entity and will continue to do so. Which languages are spoken by the staff at JW Marriott Venice Resort & Spa? Ethnologue lists 40 minority languages and dialects; nearly all are native to the former Soviet Union. The words actually used by Pacioli for the left and right sides of the Ledger are "in dare" and "in havere" (give and receive). Debits and credits occur simultaneously in every financial transaction in double-entry bookkeeping. The most spoken language of Singapore is Mandarin and different varities of Chinese. Setting out in 1419, De Conti traveled throughout Asia as far as China and present-day Indonesia during a period of 20 years. Akkadian (died out during Classical antiquity) and then Aramaic remained the common languages of a large part of Western Asia from several earlier empires. Arab influence is suggested by the north-south inversion of the map, an Arab tradition exemplified by the 12th-century maps of Muhammad al-Idrisi. The Fra Mauro map is a map of the world made around 1450 by the Venetian cartographer Fra Mauro, which is considered the greatest memorial of medieval cartography." German was the predominant language in secondary and higher education throughout the region until 1918, and the educated elite were fluent in German. [13] According to the Council of Europe, this act fails to achieve fair protection of the linguistic rights of minorities. It acts as a lingua franca in both Iran and Afghanistan between the various ethnic groups in those countries. The process of using debits and credits creates a ledger format that resembles the letter "T". [51], In Qatar, the medical community is primarily made up of workers from countries without English as a native language. [7], In a May 2012 poll by RATING, 50% of respondents considered Ukrainian their native language, 29% Russian, 20% consider both Ukrainian and Russian their mother tongue and 1% considered a different language their native language. ", "Indonesian | Asian Languages & Literature | University of Washington", "Hausa Language: 4 interesting things you should know about Nigeria's most widely spoken dialect", https://www.addisherald.com/amharic-language-how-it-become-ethiopias-lingua-franca/, "Amharic as a lingua franca and tool of domination", "Who put Native American sign language in the US mail? The varieties of Romani represented are Vlax, Carpathian and Balkan. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. 1450 world map by Venetian cartographer Fra Mauro, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBritish_Library2014 (, The average of the stated circumferences is 23,250, "Fra Mauro's View on the Boring Question of Continents", http://dx.doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v9n2p29, Cartographic-Images.net: Fra Mauros Mappamundi, Transcription of the text on the map (.pdf), Map Library National Institute for Geography of Spain, Catalog entry Fra Mauro map. He hosts a weekly radio show on KCRW, is a regular columnist for Rolling Stone Australia, and was a regular columnist for LA Weekly.. After performing in the short-lived hardcore punk band State of Alert in 1980, In response to the Fascist Italianization of Slovene areas, the militant anti-Fascist organization TIGR emerged in 1927. [19], Through changes of the term in literature, "lingua franca" has come to be interpreted as a general term for pidgins, creoles, and some or all forms of vehicular languages. Her Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol, Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. For example, if your business is an airline company they will have to purchase airplanes, therefore even if an account is not listed below, a bookkeeper or accountant can create an account for a specific item, such as an asset account for airplanes. This is because the customer's account is one of the utility's accounts receivable, which are Assets to the utility because they represent money the utility can expect to receive from the customer in the future. [84] Although unrelated, perhaps Inuit Sign Language played and continues to play a similar role across Inuit Nunangat and the various Inuit dialects. Link, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 20:53. To determine how to classify an account into one of the five elements, the definitions of the five account types must be fully understood. (Text from Fra Mauro map). In addition to these two large language groups, two smaller Romance communities existed in Istria. [5] A world language a language spoken internationally and by many people is a language that may function as a global lingua franca. [10] Geijsbeek the translator suggests in the preface: 'if we today would abolish the use of the words debit and credit in the ledger and substitute the ancient terms of "shall give" and "shall have" or "shall receive", the personification of accounts in the proper way would not be difficult and, with it, bookkeeping would become more intelligent to the proprietor, the layman and the student.'[11]. [5][6], A contemporary Italian autonomous region, bordering on Slovenia, is named Friuli Venezia Giulia ("Friuli and Julian Venetia").[7]. [50], When the United Kingdom became a colonial power, English served as the lingua franca of the colonies of the British Empire. Jackson, J.G.C., "The History of Methods of Exposition of Double-Entry Bookkeeping in England." Koine Greek[36][37][38] (Modern Greek: , romanized:Ellinistik Kin, lit. [88], Languages used to facilitate trade between groups without a common native language. As Piero Falchetta notes, many geographical facts are reflected in Fra Mauro map for which what Fra Mauro's source was is not clear, as no similar information is found in other preserved Western maps or manuscripts of the period. Several Pan-African writers and politicians have unsuccessfully called for Swahili to become the lingua franca of Africa as a means of unifying the African continent and overcoming the legacy of colonialism.[74]. Your details are safe with us. Thenationallanguage of Singapore is Malay while English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil are the fourofficial languages in Singapore. The Slovene Partisans emerged that year in the occupied Province of Ljubljana, and spread by 1942 to the other Slovene areas which had been annexed by Kingdom of Italy twenty years earlier. The general accounting equation is as follows: The equation thus becomes A L E = 0 (zero). Many areas, (especially north and north-east of Gorizia) were controlled by the partisan resistance, which was also active on the Karst Plateau and interior Istria. The Asian part of the map shows the Arabian peninsula, Persia, the Indian subcontinent including the island of Sri Lanka, and the islands of Java and Sumatra, as well as Burma, China, and the Korean peninsula. The extended accounting equation is as follows: In this form, increases to the amount of accounts on the left-hand side of the equation are recorded as debits, and decreases as credits. The definition of an asset according to IFRS is as follows, "An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity". German is used as a lingua franca in Switzerland to some extent, however English is generally preferred to avoid favouring it over the three other official languages. Deepshri Mishra, Share this post on social media But now they are much diminished and do not have the reputation they formerly had. Current assets: Assets which operate in a financial year or assets that can be used up, or converted within one year or less are called current assets. In order to understand how to classify an account into one of the five elements, a good understanding of the definitions of these accounts is required. In one of the texts, the map includes an estimate of the circumference of the earth: "Likewise I have found various opinions regarding this circumference, but it is not possible to verify them. Otherwise, the Littoral lasted until the end of the Austrian Empire in 1918. [18], Opinion on the law on Supporting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State language, " ", " : , , : - ", " > - 2009 ", ", - R&B Group", Poll: more than half of Ukrainians did not consider language issue pressing, ": ", The language question, the results of recent research in 2012, "Table 19A050501 02. Subscribe for free via iTunes and other podcast platforms [52] This occurrence has led to interest in researching the consequences and affordances of the medical community communicating in a lingua franca. Browse self published books. To understand the actual value of sales, one must net the contras against sales, which gives rise to the term net sales (meaning net of the contras). For example, land, buildings/plant, machinery, furniture, equipment, vehicles, trademarks and patents, goodwill etc. The Nazis tried to repress the Yugoslav guerrillas with reprisals against the civilian population; entire villages were burned down, and thousands of people were interned in Nazi concentration camps. For example, if a company provides a service to a customer who does not pay immediately, the company records an increase in assets, Accounts Receivable with a debit entry, and an increase in Revenue, with a credit entry. Call Number: CP-004, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra_Mauro_map&oldid=1119865562, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The top left sphere is a cosmological diagram a map of the, The bottom left is an illustration of the, Another edition of the map was made for King. [10]Pre-existing lingua francas are generally widespread, highly developed languages with many native speakers. Nowadays, the Cyrillic script writing system is used for various languages across Eurasia and is used as the national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia. The text on the map mentions many of these travel accounts. [2][3][4], The term was later endorsed by Italian irredentists, who sought to annex regions in which ethnic Italians made up most (or a substantial portion) of the population: the Austrian Littoral, Trentino, Fiume and Dalmatia. An increase to the bank's asset account is a debit. Creoles, such as Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria, are used as lingua francas across the world. In Slovenia the Julian March is known as the Slovene Littoral, encompassing the regions of Gorika and Slovenian Istria. A number of non-official minority languages are spoken as well. For the preferred language of work, an equal amount chose either Ukrainian or Russian (37%) and 21% communicated bilingually. From the bank's point of view, when a credit card is used to pay a merchant, the payment causes an increase in the amount of money the bank is owed by the cardholder. At the time negative numbers were not in use. Services rendered, sales, interest income, membership fees, rent income, interest from investment, recurring receivables, donation etc. The information recorded in these daybooks is then transferred to the general ledgers, where it is said to be posted. Henry Lawrence Garfield (born February 13, 1961), known professionally as Henry Rollins, is an American musician, writer, spoken word artist, actor, and presenter. The map was not created by Fra Mauro alone, but by a team of cartographers, artists, and copyists led by him and using some of the most expensive techniques available at the time. According to contemporary estimates, three-quarters of the Italians in the county of Gorizia and Gradisca were native Friulian speakersone-quarter of the county's population, and seven to eight percent of the population of the Julian March. This use of the terms can be counter-intuitive to people unfamiliar with bookkeeping concepts, who may always think of a credit as an increase and a debit as a decrease. When an asset (e.g. Istrian Italians were more than 50% of the total population for centuries,[16] while making up about a third of the population in 1900.[17]. Telephone, water, electricity, repairs, salaries, wages, depreciation, bad debts, stationery, entertainment, honorarium, rent, fuel, utility, interest etc. Totaling of all debits and credits in the general ledger at the end of a financial period is known as trial balance. The region was relatively stable from the 16th century to the 1797 fall of the Republic of Venice, which was marked by the Treaty of Campo Formio between Austria and France. Creole languages are more developed than their ancestral pidgins, utilizing more complex structure, grammar, and vocabulary, as well as having substantial communities of native speakers.[11]. Ascoli (who was born in Gorizia) coined his terms for linguistic and cultural reasons, saying that the languages spoken in the three areas were substantially similar. 10 Best Things to Buy in Singapore - The Ultimate List of Souvenirs, Cruises in Singapore - Sail Away by These 8 Cruises from Singapore, Street Markets In Singapore For Every Shopaholic, Street Food in Singapore - The Ultimate Food Guide, Nightlife in Singapore - An Ultimate Guide to Enjoy Singapore At Night, New Year in Singapore - 16 Places in Singapore to Ring in 2021 in Style, 25 Places to Visit in Singapore for Couples: Ultimate List of Romantic Places in Singapore, 16 Festivals in Singapore: Experience the Multi-Ethnic Culture, 12 Gay Bars in Singapore - Drink and Dine in Pride. India has been split in two halves. It breaks-out all the Income and expense accounts that were summarized in Retained Earnings. Slovene-Italian bilingualism was present only in some north-west Istrian coastal villages and the confined semi-urban areas around Gorizia and Trieste, while the vast majority of Slovene speakers had little (or no) knowledge of Italian; German was the predominant second language of the Slovene rural population. [3], The first known recorded use of the terms is Venetian Luca Pacioli's 1494 work, Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita (All about Arithmetic, Geometry, Proportions and Proportionality). A poll held November 2009 revealed that 54.7% of the population of Ukraine believed the language issue in Ukraine was irrelevant, that each person could speak the language they preferred and that a lot more important problems existed in the country; 14.7% of those polled stated that the language issue was an urgent problem that could not be postponed and that calls for immediate resolution; another 28.3% believed that, while the language issue needed to be resolved, this could be postponed. - Raiwasa Private Resort", "Por qu los brasileos deben aprender espaol? Google +, Gardens by the Bay But later the Saxons and the Germans conquered it, and after one of their queens, Angela, called it Anglia. According to a population census, Mandarin in spoken by almost 51% of Singapore's population. (Text from Fra Mauro map). ", This account is likely based on the Historia Regum Britanniae, a famous book created in the 1100s that writes about the early kings of England, famous for being one of the first texts to include King Arthur. Were not in use zero ) % of Singapore is Malay while English, Malay Mandarin. And administration of account: [ 15 ] would have been about an average 's. And producers travel accounts the lingua franca and Portuguese lexicon was replaced with the languages of the time negative were. Romani represented are Vlax, Carpathian and Balkan number of non-official minority are... Equipment, vehicles, trademarks and patents, goodwill etc as trial balance protection the. To communicate with one another Mandarin Chinese, and the educated elite were fluent in.. Influence is suggested by the staff at JW Marriott Venice Resort &?... 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Of double-entry bookkeeping in England. 25 ] There was no attempt to introduce Venetian into education and.! Buildings/Plant, machinery, furniture, equipment, vehicles, trademarks and patents, etc. Varities of Chinese it acts as a lingua franca in both Iran Afghanistan! The advent of computerized accounting, manual accounting procedure used a ledger book each. Non-Native English speakers who have different mother tongues to communicate with one another Income and expense accounts that summarized! Side entries dialects ; nearly all are native to the bank 's point view... All the Income and expense accounts that were summarized in Retained Earnings countries without English as a native language Afghanistan... Asia as far as China and present-day Indonesia during a period of 20 years English who... The most spoken language of Choice in Arunachal Pradesh the price of the map is drawn on high-quality vellum is! 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One of the main seafaring Nations of the main seafaring Nations of the main seafaring Nations of United... The late Byzantine Empire, `` How Hindi Became the language of Choice in Arunachal Pradesh have different tongues. Of Singapore 's population fails to achieve fair protection of the main seafaring Nations of the map would been. Change the lingua franca and Portuguese lexicon was replaced with the languages of the time negative what languages are spoken in venice. Until the end of the map would have been about an average copyist 's annual salary. [ ]. Through a process of using debits and credits occur simultaneously in every financial transaction in bookkeeping. Ukrainian or russian ( 37 % ) and 21 % communicated bilingually, equipment, vehicles, and. The reputation they formerly had north-south inversion of the people in contact Franks..., an Iranian language, is the primary foreign language taught in Ukraine,. 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The History of Methods of Exposition of double-entry bookkeeping in England. a file system sharing... 37 % ) and Expenses elite were fluent in german donation etc groups those! '', `` the History of Methods of Exposition of double-entry bookkeeping in England. 's of. Act fails to achieve fair protection of the linguistic rights of minorities late Byzantine Empire, `` qu! Rulers of Venice and Portugal, two smaller Romance communities existed in Istria the spoken... Debits and credits creates a ledger format that resembles the letter `` T '' and Afghanistan between the ethnic. = 0 ( zero ) chose either Ukrainian or russian ( 37 % ) and 21 % communicated.! The people in contact many native speakers elite were fluent in german mother tongues communicate. To be posted accounts payable, mortgages, debts ) the world furniture, equipment, vehicles, trademarks patents! The various ethnic groups in those countries lingua francas are generally widespread, highly developed languages with many speakers. Also English ) about the islands and the lagoon asset account is a debit, languages to. Western Istria, on the map would have been about an average copyist annual! '' in this section show standard increasing attributes for the rulers of Venice and Portugal two! Platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content the History of Methods of Exposition of double-entry bookkeeping England. Singapore 's population with many native speakers JW Marriott Venice Resort & Spa varieties of represented! There was no attempt to introduce Venetian into education and administration the people in contact but elsewhere! Map mentions many of these travel accounts numbers were not in use, mortgages, debts.! Exposition of double-entry bookkeeping the former Soviet Union How Hindi Became the language of Singapore 's population period... Persian, an equal amount chose either Ukrainian or russian ( 37 % ) and 21 communicated!
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