ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, Citation2017). The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). Impact of global trade policies on food security and the supply and demand for Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. 
Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. Africa, which has experienced a strong economic growth over the past decades. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Table 9. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, Citation2017). The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. Despite some improvements in the growth of the national economy in recent years, a significant proportion of the Ethiopian Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., Citation2014). 
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., Citation2008). Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, Citation2016). This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, Citation2020) (Tables 1 and 2). These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. Melese (Citation2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Variable Rainfall Heavily dependent upon unreliable rainfall which may produce surplus only in years of favorable weather. Sutcliffe (Citation2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. This research investigated the effects of SWC Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., Citation2017; Fekadu, Citation2015; McDonald, Citation2010). Table 4. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., Citation2017). These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, Citation2017). 
The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, Citation2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. 
In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, Citation2017). Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. For Ethiopia to This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. WebREPORT ON THE ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY iv continues to witness. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Ethiopian water resources are unevenly distributed. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, Citation2011; Pender et al., Citation2006). The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. FAO (Citation2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and Thus, several efforts to control soil erosion through introduced soil and water conservation measures had been conducted in different time and location in the country. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. Though the share of agriculture in Ethiopias total GDP is declining, the agricultural sector still plays a major role in the economy (42% of the GDP). These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, Citation2017). Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., Citation2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, Citation2017). A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Webgrowth may pose a demographic challenge as cities struggle to provide jobs, infrastructure and services, and housing. The country is Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $). Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., Citation2014). Demand, political instability, tension, migration, and housing population followed by China increment occurs a! 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