doi:10.1086/652402, Ghosh, A., Syed, S. M., Tanwar, P. S. (2017). doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041520110, Ji, Y. F., Chen, L. Y., Xu, K. H., Yao, J. F., Shi, Y. F. (2009). Although the reason behind this unexpected result remains to be investigated, it is possible that a balanced LIF/LIFR signal is critical for successful pregnancies; both too little and too much LIF production can cause infertility. Infection with C. trachomatis may result in urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and other conditions. Leukemia inhibitory factor ligand-receptor signaling is important for uterine receptivity and implantation in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). By controlling cellular differentiation, survival and self-renewal, these pathways collectively contribute to specific physiological and immunological processes such as tissue homeostasis, hematopoiesis, pregnancy, bone remodeling, neuromuscular system, inflammatory conditions, and cancer (Nicola et al., 2015 and Rose-John et al., 2018). Production of human interleukin for DA cells (HILDA)/leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) by activated monocytes. Table 4. (2006). 150 (4), 14961502. LIF and LIFR expression in the endometrium of fertile and infertile women: A prospective observational casecontrol study. (2009). Menstruation is a key feature of the mammalian female reproductive system that is characterized by monthly remolding, shedding and regeneration of the endometrium under the influence of ovarian hormones and divided into an estrogen (E2)-dominated proliferative phase and a progesterone (P4)-dominated secretory phase (Reed and Carr, 2000). Dis. Ewes infected in very late pregnancy or when open may not develop protective antibodies and may be susceptible to infection in the next pregnancy. Gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease: Placing mechanistic insights into the context of clinical and epidemiological observations. Semin. Prokineticin 1 and leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA expression in the endometrium of women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. FOIA Enzootic abortion in sheep and goats is a contagious disease characterized by hyperthermia and late abortion, or birth of stillborn or weak lambs or kids (Rodolakis et al., 1998). 22 (7), 534545. UpToDate, electronic clinical resource tool for physicians and patients that provides information on Adult Primary Care and Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Cardiovascular Pelvic inflammatory disease. (Baltimore) 95 (13), e3077. J. Immunol. Natl. 30 (4), 710718. T Cell responses to chlamydia. and transmitted securely. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90161-J, Arici, A., Engin, O., Attar, E., Olive, D. L. (1995). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! To assist the readers in optimizing their scholarly activities, the Annals has gathered the best figures and tables from articles beginning in January 2018 into a series of PowerPoint slide decks focused on specfic topics. doi: 10.1530/REP-07-0013, Elwell, C., Mirrashidi, K., Engel, J. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis and pharyngitis. Immunol. Transcriptional regulation of VEGF-A by the unfolded protein response pathway. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Based on the collective evidence discussed above, it is appealing to suggest that the LIF-mediated reduction in ciliated epithelial cell density is a key process of Ct pathogenesis, which can lead to reduced opportunities for fertilization and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. Studies using leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) knockout mice and a LIF adenoviral vector demonstrate a key anti-inflammatory role for this cytokine in cutaneous inflammation. Rabbits are often used as an experimental model for the study of atherosclerosis associated with Cp. However, aberrant tissue repair is triggered by repeated or persistent infections, which results in marked reductions of ciliated epithelial cells and increases in secretory cells over time. J. Physiol. 166 (3), 20492054. Chlamydia Res. Therefore, it is likely that the regulation of LIF and LIF-mediated responses are operating for long periods of time, during which, LIF levels are constantly being modified by surrounding proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors (Table3). Urogenital Ct infection is clinically associated with cervicitis, urethritis, endometritis, and salpingitis in women, and urethritis, proctitis and epididymitis in men (CDC, 2020; Control ECfDPa, 2022). In the U.K., accreditation of Chlamydia status is based on serologic status of the breeding flock. The primary target is the placenta. doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.4.1843-1855.2004, Hosenfeld, C. B., Workowski, K. A., Berman, S., Zaidi, A., Dyson, J., Mosure, D., et al. Dr. Thomas L. Forbes is the Surgeon-in-Chief and James Wallace McCutcheon Chair of the Sprott Department of Surgery at the University Health Network, and Professor of Surgery in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto. Monolayers of C57epi.1 cells were infected with, Summary of signaling pathways and molecular events induced by Chlamydia to promote inclusion, MeSH An official website of the United States government. A study out of Australia suggests there may be a link between nose picking and developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease.. Fertility and Sterility is an international journal for obstetricians, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, urologists, basic scientists and others who treat and investigate problems of infertility and human reproductive disorders. After the second year of flock vaccination, however, the abortion level in infected flocks will decline, because fewer susceptible animals exist. Rev. A pandemic of human psittacosis allowed identifying C. psittaci for the first time. 12, 639834. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639834, Xu, S. X., Gray-Owen, S. D. (2021). AJOG's Editors have active research programs and, on occasion, publish work in the Journal. Importantly, EGFR inhibition suppressed TGF- expression, and an inhibitory thrombospondin-1 (Tsp1)-based peptide inhibited chlamydia-induced EMT, revealing a major source of active TGF- during infection. Although only limited knowledge is available, the crosstalk between LIF and T cells is likely an integral part of Ct pathogenesis and additional studies are warranted. Free shipping for many products! doi: 10.1016/S0950-3552(05)80092-6, Helble, J. D., Starnbach, M. N. (2021). Human Protein Atlas. Infection of animals prior to 120 days of gestation results in abortion, stillbirths, or birth of weak lambs. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. View cart for details. Med. Natl. U.S.A 93 (7), 31153120. Update. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028415, Ruan, M., Pederson, L., Bradley, E. W., Bamberger, A. M., Oursler, M. J. Several studies using gene-deficient mice and embryo-transfer approaches indicate that maternal LIF/LIFR-mediated signaling pathways are essential in embryo implantation (Stewart etal., 1992; Cheng etal., 2002; Cheng etal., 2017). Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women and associated predictors. U.S.A 89 (2), 698702. J. Endocrinol. Bautista, C. T., Hollingsworth, B. P., Sanchez, J. L. (2018). J. Infect. Sex Transm Dis. EMBO J. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infection. Acad. Wetzler, M., Talpaz, M., Lowe, D. G., Baiocchi, G., Gutterman, J. U., Kurzrock, R. (1991). Initially the infection may be undetected, in this stage a painless papule or ulceration appears. While HPV promotes cervical cancer via oncogenic transformation (Baedyananda etal., 2022), Ct may promote cervical cancer and ovarian cancer via aberrant LIF signaling, which has been shown to regulate multiple hallmarks of cancer, including proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance (Jones and Jenkins, 2018; Jorgensen and de la Puente, 2022). (1988). This finding may provide new targets for chlamydial disease biomarkers and prevention. U.S.A 88 (8), 34983501. Semin. Reprod. Finally, TGF-R signaling inhibition suppressed the expression of transforming acidic coiled-coil protein-3 (TACC3), which stabilizes EGFR signaling, suggesting reciprocal regulation between TGF- and EGFR signaling during chlamydial infection. This expression pattern suggests that LIF/LIFR-mediated signaling pathways may promote embryo implantation via both autocrine and paracrine pathways. Natl. A review of mechanisms of implantation. 20 (1), 1119. 91 (3), 66. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.114.118513, Rosario, G. X., Stewart, C. L. (2016). Accessibility doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02742.x, Geisler, W. M. (2010). These obligate intracellular pathogens replicate in a specialized membrane compartment and 294 (6), C1436C1442. Trends Microbiol. It is divided into 15 serovar (A, B, Ba, C-K, and L1-L3) based on analysis of the MOMP (major outer membrane protein). It is believed that the primary culprit of Ct-associated tissue damage is unresolved chronic inflammation, resulting in aberrant production of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as dysregulated tissue influx of innate and adaptive immune cells. The predominant lesions were interstitial pneumonia and proliferation of lymphoid tissue around vessels and airways. Cell. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Although the unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a major role in certain microbial infectivity, its role in chlamydial pathogenesis is unknown. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.12.004, Baedyananda, F., Sasivimolrattana, T., Chaiwongkot, A., Varadarajan, S., Bhattarakosol, P. (2022). KW is supported by a Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation (DMRF) Infection, Immunity, Inflammation & Vaccinology (I3V) Graduate Studentship. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies LIF: not just a leukemia inhibitory factor. (2017). The production of LIF during chlamydial infection has been reported by several in vitro and in vivo studies (Hess etal., 2001; Peters etal., 2005; Refaat etal., 2016; Hou etal., 2018; Kessler etal., 2019). 2020 Jun;51(2):629-636. doi: 10.1007/s42770-020-00229-w. Epub 2020 Jan 30. Dis. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2020/data.zip. It was first identified through comparing the transcriptomic profile of 1176 genes in DNA arrays of Ct-infected and mock-infected epithelial HeLa cells, in which 18 genes, including LIF, were up-regulated by Ct infection (Hess etal., 2001). There are several other reports of isolation of chlamydiae from rabbits, but their significance is unclear. 79 (4), ftab014. Rev. Thus, RTK-mediated host invasion by chlamydia upregulated TGF- expression and signaling, which cooperated with other cellular signaling cascades and cytoskeletal remodeling to support optimal inclusion development and EMT induction. Epub 2021 Mar 17. Eur. Immunol. Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the major species that infect humans, are responsible for a wide range of diseases 2,4 and will be the focus of this Review. Interestingly, certain LIF polymorphisms have been associated with recurrent implantation failure (Vagnini etal., 2019) and women with LIF mutations also have poor success rates of implantation and fertilization (Giess etal., 1999; Novotn etal., 2009) (Table2). Cell types in the human endometrium include epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells and stem/progenitor cells. Br. Okada, H., Tsuzuki, T., Murata, H. (2018). 148 (6), 545557. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Subversion of cell-autonomous host defense by chlamydia infection. Eur. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70289-9. The elementary bodies are released by lysis or extrusion process, at this stage they are ready to attach the surface of adjacent host cells and initiate new cycles of infection. Arthritis Rheumatol. Sci. Borrelia burgdorferi is a microaerophile, requiring small amounts of oxygen in order to undergo glycolysis and survive. In Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics (Eighth Edition), 2001. Chlamydiae cell wall possesses an outer membrane characteristic of that in gram-negative bacteria, but the lack of peptidoglycan distinguishes them from similar intracellular pathogen like Rickettsia. A member of the IL-6 cytokine family, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is one of the cytokines induced by Ct infection but its role in Ct pathogenesis is unclear. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1411426, Brunham, R. C., Maclean, I. W., Binns, B., Peeling, R. W. (1985). 201 Suppl 2, S104S113. Another study in 2010 linked C. pneumoniae infection with Alzheimers pathogenesis, finding C. pneumoniae, amyloid deposits, and neurofibrillary tangles together in the brain. 158 (6), 19161928. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009575. Monolayers of, (a) Chlamydia infection upregulated TACC3, (a) Chlamydia infection upregulated TACC3 expression. Rather than looking at it as a single disease, health care professionals must remember that pneumonia is an umbrella term for a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms resulting in varied manifestations and sequelae. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection. 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