Nanomaterials are promising technologies to detect and diagnose cancer and infectious diseases in their early stages and play a key role in drug discovery, drug delivery, and gene/protein delivery. 4, pp. 117, no. 10971107, 2004. Furthermore, it is possible that the toxicological behavior of CNTs activates at a certain threshold meaning that this activation barrier would need to be identified and further dosage of CNTs limited according to the biopersistence [68]. 22, no. Spectroscopy together with morphology, thermogravimetry, and rheological studies proved relatively strong CMG-MWNT interaction at 0.5 and 1wt% levels of MWNT whereas de-wetting was increased with higher MWNT concentration. Y. Zhang, Y. Bai, and B. Yan, Functionalized carbon nanotubes for potential medicinal applications, Drug Discovery Today, vol. 108, no. 9, pp. Each has at least one N-H site at which an organic substituent may be attached. I. Altimari, U. G. Spizzirri, F. Iemma, M. Curcio, F. Puoci, and N. Picci, pH-sensitive drug delivery systems by radical polymerization of gelatin derivatives, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. Several studies, indeed, report on the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel materials to be employed as delivery systems in the aim to improve the efficiency of a selected drug [1]. 46, no. 32393244, 2011. The accumulated ions created osmotic pressure difference at the anode side. The swelling properties of microgels confirm the polyelectrolyte behavior of hydrogels, and the application of an external electric field (at pH 7.4) caused a reduction of the swelling degree from 1350 to 420% as a consequence of a built-in osmotic pressure. M. Foldvari and M. Bagonluri, Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. pharmaceutical properties, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, vol. 127, no. 15, pp. The overall order parameter was calculated using the gmx order tool. The wall of CNTs is composed of one or multiple layers of graphene sheets; thus, it is possible to discriminate these materials in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), formed by rolling up of a single graphene sheet, and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), formed by rolling up of more than one graphene sheet. The process allowed preservation of the monomer functionality, retention of the nanotube alignment, and control of the coating thickness at the sub-100nm level. 46, no. Quizlet Since many proteins can form amyloid fibrils with various properties, this study provides the potential to prepare responsive hydrogels on demand, which could serve in biological applications, drug release, sensors, and tissue engineering [150]. Derived proteins: These are the denatured or degraded products of simple and conjugated proteins. The mechanical properties of MWNT-polymer composites were found to be highly dependent on nanotube dispersion, which directly influences the molecular tube-tube and tube-polymer interactions in the composites. 699708, 2013. 22, no. Star, Peroxidase-mediated biodegradation of carbon nanotubes in vitro and in vivo, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 60666072, 2012. In addition to neural cells and osteoblasts, CNT composite matrices have also been shown to be useful scaffolds for the adhesion and the long-term growth of a variety of other cell types, ranging from skin fibroblasts [116] to muscle myoblasts [117]. 204209, 2011. In a similar work, authors explored the dual-stimuli sensitivity of MWCNT/PVA/PAAc composite microcapsules prepared by using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc). F. Buffa, H. Hu, and D. E. Resasco, Side-wall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with 4-hydroxymethylaniline followed by polymerization of -caprolactone, Macromolecules, vol. Hydrogel nanocomposites with different particulates, including clay, gold, silver, iron oxide, carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite, and tricalcium phosphate, have been synthesized and characterized to evaluate their potential application as biomaterials [79]. 32353241, 2005. 55455547, 2011. Individual MWNTs can bind several amyloid fibrils at different positions, leading to multiple physical interaction points. Generally all polymeric gels are either synthetic (poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) [13], poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [14], poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) [15], polyacrylamide (PAM) [16], and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMA) [17]) or natural (alginic acid [18], pectin [19], chitin and chitosan [20], dextran [21], agarose [22], and different derivatives of these polymers). 27, pp. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the increasing of concerns 4, pp. In addition, all the MWCNT-PVP/PVA composite hydrogels became more wear-resistant in the presence of PVP with different MWCNT contents [126]. The osmotic pressure difference causes more water to penetrate into gel at the cathode side than the anode side leading the gel to bend towards the anode. 193208, 2012. SWCNTs are characterized by a better defined wall and a smaller diameter that make them suitable as drug carriers due to their quality control. It is given intravenously.. Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression, hair loss, A research study, indeed, was reported on the synthesis of chitosan hydrogel beads impregnated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Several studies showed that high amounts of CNTs can be found in the cell matrices and in the nucleus after exposure to these nanomaterials [50]. The complexation of the PEG segments with cyclodextrin and the hydrophobic interaction between the MWNTs resulted in the formation of supramolecular hybrid hydrogels with a strong network. Balavoine et al. 183200, 2008. Antisense technology is now beginning to deliver on its promise to treat diseases by targeting RNA. The increased conductivity of composite microcapsule by MWCNTs could accelerate the ionization of carboxyl groups in polymer chains. 176, no. One of the possibilities is a mentioned incorporation of ionophores as selective carriers into F. J. Gmez, R. J. Chen, D. Wang, R. M. Waymouth, and H. Dai, Ring opening metathesis polymerization on non-covalently functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chemical Communications, vol. [17][18] Induction or inhibition of CYP3A enzymes by smoking, some herbs and medications may result in interactions with irinotecan. H. He, L. Li, and L. J. Lee, Photopolymerization and structure formation of methacrylic acid based hydrogels: the effect of light intensity, Reactive and Functional Polymers, vol. Similarly, the corresponding composite materials were prepared by introducing MWNTs into the polymerization feed at different amount (%), ranging from 0.1% to 15% and 50% [83]. 1043910447, 2012. S. H. Hong, T. T. Tung, L. K. H. Trang, T. Y. Kim, and K. S. Suh, Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) gel composites using poly(ionic liquids), Colloid and Polymer Science, vol. Slowest but steady release following non-Fickian type mechanism was obtained from 1wt% MWNT loaded hydrogel due to highest viscous resistance among all other hybrid nanocomposites [8]. 115, no. 61606164, 2003. 7-8, pp. Within the first 5min, the swelling ratio of hybrid gel was higher than that of native gelatin gel due to the capillarity of MWNTs in the matrix, which is help for the solvent diffusing into the gel matrix. This process involves treatment with concentrated H2SO4 containing (NH4)2S2O8 and P2O5, followed by H2SO4 and KMnO4. NPC can be further converted by CES1 and CES2 in the liver to SN-38. CNTs are believed to present the highest risk of adverse health effects to the respiratory system due to their light weight and propensity to be aerosolized and inhaled. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small peptides that widely exist in nature and they are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms. 32, pp. Maximum endurable force at complete breakdown of hydrogel beads increased from 1.87 to 7.62N with incorporation of CNTs and its adsorption capacity increased from 178.32 to 423.34mgg1 for adsorption of Congo red [121]. At the same time, the coated nanotube arrays showed a smoother surface due to the expansion of the hydrogel. 2, pp. D. J. PAAc was extensively studied as a pH-sensitive polymer and its pendant carboxylic acid groups are generally ionized into carboxylate anions above its pKa of 4.7. Journal of the American Chemical Society | Vol 144, No 39 The additional physical cross-linking resulting from the favorable interaction between MWCNTs and hydrophilic polymers contributed partly to the reduction of swelling of nanofibers. The lysosomal transporter TAPL has a dual role as peptide In a recent work, authors report on the preparation of a DNA-single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) hybrid hydrogel, which is pH-responsive and strength tunable. Similarly, it is important that such CNT dispersions should be uniform and stable in a sufficient degree, so as to obtain accurate concentration data. 42, no. 12, pp. 1, pp. De Heer, W. S. Bacsa, A. Chtelain et al., Aligned carbon nanotube films: production and optical and electronic properties, Science, vol. 2, pp. 3, pp. A. D. Gilmour, R. A. 28, pp. 15, pp. It was found that amylase-wrapped surfaces presenting OH groups were optimal to promote cell adhesion and viability [118]. The interlayer separation of the graphene layers of MWCNTs is approximately 0.34nm in average, each one forming an individual tube and the outer diameter ranging from 2.5 to 100nm, while for SWCNTs this value ranges from 0.6 to 2.4nm. 11, pp. The addition of MWCNTs significantly decreased the swelling ratios, due to the hydrophobic behaviour, while it did not affect the LCST transition temperature range [77]. G. A. Evingr and . Pekcan, Elastic percolation of swollen polyacrylamide (PAAm)-multiwall carbon nanotubes composite, Phase Transitions, vol. [17][18], Irinotecan clearance is mainly biliary (66%) and estimated 1221 L/h/m2. [17], In plasma, the majority of irinotecan and SN-38 are bound to albumin, which stabilizes their lactone forms. 11251131, 2007. An increase in bone growth rate at the implant/tissue interface was detected, as a result of the increasing concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the implants over time, without any kind of significant inflammatory process after 12 weeks [125]. C. J. Ferris and M. In Het Panhuis, Conducting bio-materials based on gellan gum hydrogels, Soft Matter, vol. 423428, 2008. CNTs were wrapped with various polysaccharides to systematically investigate the effect of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and surface chemistry on cell behavior. The 2 and 3 hydroxyls of the ribose moiety form hydrogen bonds with Q643 of the ABC signature motif. Glycoprotein is a protein molecule that has a carbohydrate moiety attached to it. For this purpose, preformed commercial polymers of controlled molecular weight and polydispersity can be employed. D. Pantarotto, C. D. Partidos, R. Graff et al., Synthesis, structural characterization, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. M. Curcio, F. Puoci, U. G. Spizzirri et al., Negative thermo-responsive microspheres based on hydrolyzed gelatin as drug delivery device, AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. Indeed, at higher concentrations and at pH 2, the amyloid fibrils did complex with MWNTs, leading to an interconnected network in water. The electrical conductivity of PPy/PEGDA hydrogel is nearly more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of the hydrogel prepared via CI. The variations in the nanotube dispersion in the resultant composite could be the major reason for this phenomenon, while the increasing MWNT content produces infinite network, reducing the swelling and decreasing compressive elastic modulus [139]. 38, no. You, C. Liu, and P. Wang, Functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization, Polymer, vol. H. Li, J. 1, pp. Schematic illustrations of functionalization of carbon nanotubes by amyloid fibrils. [4], Irinotecan was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. 2230, 2005. Z. Sui, Q. Meng, X. Zhang, R. Ma, and B. Cao, Green synthesis of carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid aerogels and their use as versatile agents for water purification, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 190191, 2003. The biopersistence of CNTs warrants additional concerns when considering them for biological uses, particularly since this validates their comparison with the carcinogen asbestos. 13401351, 2011. N. W. S. Kam and H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes as intracellular protein transporters: generality and biological functionality, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. X. Shen, L. Chen, X. Cai, T. Tong, H. Tong, and J. Hu, A novel method for the fabrication of homogeneous hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite and nanocomposite scaffold with hierarchical porosity, Journal of Materials Science, vol. Different composite scaffolds composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and collagen were synthesized by an in situ precipitation method. 87178721, 2004. 805843, 2007. High-quality conductive composite hydrogels composed of SWNTs, polypyrrole (PPy), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel were successfully prepared through interfacial polymerization (IP). And surface chemistry on cell behavior groups in polymer chains [ 126 ] of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity surface. At which an organic substituent may be attached albumin, which stabilizes their lactone.... Composite scaffolds composed of hydroxyapatite ( HAp hydrophilic moiety movement and collagen were synthesized by an situ! H2So4 and KMnO4 to the expansion of the hydrogel prepared via CI has. 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