These are jurisdictions with relatively low numbers of Indigenous prisoners. This paper updates Dalton’s (1999) national overview of self-inflicted deaths, which analysed data from the Australian Institute of Criminology’s (AIC) National Deaths in Custody Program (NDICP) for the period 1980–1998. The rate of self-inflicted deaths of unsentenced prisoners ranged from 0.54 to 3.96 deaths per 1,000 unsentenced prisoners, with an average of 1.61 deaths per 1,000 unsentenced prisoners per year. The death rate for indigenous people was 5.65 per 100,000 of the general Aboriginal population. At the same time, the data shows that unsentenced prisoners, particularly those facing lengthy terms in prison on homicide charges, are at greater risk of suicide than sentenced prisoners, and this risk is heightened in the first weeks of imprisonment. Next, Office of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Indigenous Deaths in Custody: Chapter 3 Comparison: Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Deaths, Copyright © Australian Human Rights Commission, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice, Chapter 2. 3.6 Deaths from police pursuit have increased for both groups while deaths in police institutional settings have declined. It is apparent that the life experiences of prisoners, including the experience of imprisonment, increase the risk of suicide both in and out of prison. Offenders enter the prison system with more risk factors for suicide than those that apply to members of the general community (Konrad et al. The vast majority of offenders in custody are male; at the most recent national prison census on 30 June 2014, 92.3 percent of Australian prisoners were male, and this proportion has remained essentially stable throughout the study period (ABS 2000b–2012b, 2013–14). A UK study found that, while unconvicted remandees constituted only 19 percent of the total prison population, they represented almost half of those committing suicide, while another 20 percent of suicide victims had been convicted but not yet sentenced (Shaw, Appleby & Baker 2003). This resulted in the inclusion of additional (n=18) deaths in prison custody not previously included in the dataset. From 1999 to 2013, 65 percent (n=157) of self-inflicted deaths occurred among detainees, both sentenced and unsentenced, incarcerated for a violent offence including homicide (n=51; 21%), assault (n=46; 19%); robbery (n=28; 12%) and sex offences (n=26; 11%).

Finally, this paper highlights the potential for improving NDICP data collection so future reporting can consider additional information that may assist in providing a better understanding of the confluence of factors that lead to self-inflicted deaths in prison. Table 3.2 presents the rate of death per 1000 prisoners each year. Following the report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody in 1991, considerable attention was drawn to the need to reduce hanging points in cells. This compared with 41.7 percent of Indigenous prisoner deaths in NSW being self-inflicted, 21.4 percent in Queensland and 13.6 percent in the Northern Territory. where intention was not stated or was unable to be determined by a coroner. The cause of death for three non-Indigenous people was self-inflicted, and one person died from injury. 3.5 The proportion of deaths in police and prison custody was similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. 2005; Johnston 1991; WHO 2007; Wobeser et al. It found community suicide rates had increased from 10.9 deaths per 100,000 in 1980 to 15.1 deaths per 100,000 in 1997. Marzano L, Fazel S, Rivlin A & Hawton K 2010. One UK study found that, when inmates suicided in shared accommodation, 52 percent of them did so when their cellmate was absent (Shaw, Appleby & Baker 2003). For Indigenous prisoners there may be certain times during their custody when they are at increased risk, such as when being in custody prevents a prisoner carrying out cultural obligations. From 2006 to 2013 the annual average was 0.91 deaths per 1,000 unsentenced prisoners. Between 2006 and 2013, the average self-inflicted death rate fell to 0.22 per 1,000 sentenced prisoners. Adelaide: Australian Institute of Criminology. A collated response received from the Correctional Services Administrators Council (CSAC) identified a number of strategies used across jurisdictions to identify, manage and respond to risks of self-harm and suicide. The Commission’s terms of reference enabled it to take account of social, cultural and legal factors which may have had a bearing on the deaths under investigation. cit., atp.8-9. This is five and half years less than non-Aboriginal people who die in custody who have an average age of 35 years. Another UK study of near-lethal self-harm in female prisoners found that 35 percent of those attempting suicide were on remand (Marzano et al. The Australian Institute Criminology will shortly release figures from the 1995 Australian Police Custody Survey. Accordingly, while 47.4 percent of prison deaths from 1980 to 1998 were self-inflicted, this decreased to 34.6 percent of deaths in the later period. While the overall rate of self-inflicted death after release was comparable with that observed for drug-related deaths, drug-related deaths spiked in the two weeks after release whereas suicides did not. 2007.

Fleming J, Gately N & Kraemer S 2012. This study updates and extends an earlier AIC study, which examined the important issue of self-inflicted deaths in prison custody using deaths in custody data for the period 1999–2013. Table 3.3 shows the rate at which Indigenous and non-Indigenous people died in prison compared to prison populations. A greater understanding of potential risk factors could inform better responses to prisoners facing particularly difficult circumstances. 2012). screening and assessment— undertaken upon reception of a detainee at a detention facility and updated as required throughout the detainee’s length of stay.

International research shows prison inmates have a higher rate of suicide than their counterparts in the general community, with prison suicide rates typically three to five times those of the general community (Corben 2006; Fazel et al. Dalton V 1999. Pratt D, Piper M, Appleby L, Webb R & Shaw J 2006. t=3.33, df=447, p<.001. Since 2000, the AIC has had access to the data in the National Coronial Information System, which includes information from coroners’ reports. The data depicted in this figure show there is considerable variation between jurisdictions in the proportion of deaths, by Indigenous status, that are self-inflicted. 2008; Marzano et al. Prison suicides in South Australia: 1996-2010. 9. The earlier analysis of self-inflicted deaths (Dalton 1999) also examined the differences between prison and community suicide rates. Collins L & Mouzos J 2002. In my 2018 pilot study on a sample of 134 Indigenous deaths in custody since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, I found coroners considered referring just 11 deaths to prosecutors and only ended up referring five. A little over half (56.4%; n=22) of Indigenous prisoners who took their own life did so in the first three months of being in custody, including six (15.4%) in the first week. 5 It is important to note that there has been a shift in the types of deaths in police custody. A cross-sectional survey of prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among prisoners in New South Wales, Australia. Since 1991, some 432 Indigenous people (and possibly more) have died in custody. The 19-year data period analysed by Dalton (1999) is four years longer than the 15-year period analysed for this paper, which should be taken into account when considering the overall number of deaths. 2005. However, consideration of these differences should take into account the small numbers of Indigenous people in each age group. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. Female prisoners tended to report their suicidal thoughts had increased while in custody, while males reported a decrease in suicidal thoughts (Fleming, Gately & Kraemer 2012). The other jurisdictions are closer to the national average. Matthew Willis is a Research Manager with the AIC. O’Driscoll C, Samuels A & Zacka M 2007. The proportion of self-inflicted deaths between 1999 and 2013 (34.6%) was substantially lower than the proportion of self-inflicted deaths between 1980 and 1998 (47.4%). Data from the NDICP indicates that self-inflicted deaths are no longer the most common type of death in Australian prisons, but their incidence still remains relatively high. The differences between the three principal causes of death are not statistically significant. Psychiatric and social aspects of suicidal behaviour in prisons. Table 3.7 categorises causes of death in prison. Information Publication SchemeAccess to Information, Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, Deaths in custody, Indigenous, Statistics, Police custody, Deaths in custody, Police custody, Police shootings, Deaths in custody, Indigenous, Police custody, Statistics, Self-inflicted deaths in Australian prisons, Willis, Matthew|Baker, Ashleigh|Cussen, Tracy|Patterson, Eileen, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3303.0/, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4517.0, http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/221-240/tandi238.html, http://www.correctiveservices.justice.nsw.gov.au/_media/dcs/related-links/research-and-statistics/nsw_offender_census/SP027.pdf, http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/121-140/tandi126.html, http://aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/indigenous/dear.pdf, http://www.ipca.govt.nz/includes/download.aspx?ID=122553, http://www.deathsincustody.org.au/royal-commission-aboriginal-deaths-custody-report-inquiry-death-john-peter-pat, http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-12-14, http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/mr/1-20/20.html, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4034301.pdf, http://www.slideshare.net/suicidepreventionnz/suicide-and-suicidal-behaviour-in-prisons, http://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/preventingsuicide/en/, National Deaths in Custody Program: Deaths in custody in Australia 2016–17, National Deaths in Custody Program: Deaths in custody in Australia 2015–16, accidental hanging—where a coroner has found a self-inflicted hanging to be accidental or the product of misadventure; or. From 1999 to 2013, unsentenced prisoners accounted for 29.3 percent of all deaths in custody (n=203), but 53.3 percent of self-inflicted deaths (n=128). While the use of calendar-year data for this paper does not align with the current reporting cycle, it does allow comparison with the earlier analysis (Dalton 1999) and also with data on causes of death in the general community, as reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS; ABS 1999, 2000a–2012a).



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