Kuroiwa, Takeshi. Therefore, as a percentage of land area, this is less (though not significantly less) than in similarly sized nations (United Kingdom, Korea and New Zealand), while more than larger countries such as the United States and Canada, whose national parks (but not necessarily “protected areas” comprise about 2 per cent of their land areas. In addition, owing to low staff numbers, staff are rarely able to ensure compliance with the conditions of use in park zones: for example, ensuring that the public does not enter specially protected zones, or that prohibited activities such as hunting, lighting of fires and vehicle use do not occur.

The Natural Parks Law, which governs the management of these areas, does not preclude development, construction, or other human activities that may detrimentally impact on the parks’ environments. When reforested with commercial plantations, the monocultures of planted trees allow few indigenous plant species to colonise, and have little to offer animals such as the macaque (Macaca fuscata), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), and the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus, an antelope-like ungulate) (Stewart-Smith 1987; Maita 1998: 38–44; Hazumi 1999; NACSJ 2003; Knight 2003: 35–36; 119–120; 160). A gentle breeze cools the day to a perfect 24 degrees Celsius. 2000. Over 1,000 residents and vacationers who had been stranded on a beach by bushfires in southeastern Australia landed near Melbourne on Saturday after a 20-hour journey on two ships, relieved to escape terrifying smoke and fire. (Logging and other commercial activities in national parks are permissible under the Natural Park Law.) From the late 1950s onwards, Japan entered a period of high economic growth, and as income per capita rose, visitors to natural parks increased sharply. Kuma hokaku, 5000-tō kosu: 30-nenkan de saikō, 9-wari wa satsushobun (Captured bears number over 5000—highest on record for 30 years, 90 per cent culled). There are also tensions between the concerns and needs of (particularly rural) citizens and the interests of nature conservation, as can be seen in development projects aimed at “regional rejuvenation”. In the 1990s, its habitat was threatened by the proposed development of a golf course, which locals hoped would reinvigorate the local economy. Summary of laws/events relating to nature conservation in Japan, While undoubtedly a positive step for wildlife conservation, the effectiveness of the law is limited by the fact that the MOE lacks sufficient power to designate endangered species as protected species or to designate important habitats as protected areas (Yoshida 2004: personal communication). Preserving Japan’s endangered animal species. It also allows for the designation of areas in which hunting is prohibited, hunting periods, harvest limits, and hunting methods. Statistics Bureau of Japan. : Allen & Unwin. The rapid decline of two localised bear populations has led to their designation as endangered subpopulations—however, the population as a whole remains unlisted, and the bear is considered a game species under the Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law (Mano & Moll 1999: 128). 1999. December 17, 2005. Over the past ten years, Nestlé, our parent company, has made great progress in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with our manufacturing by 39% per tonne of product. The Japanese archipelago consists of almost 4000 islands with a combined coastline of approximately 33,000 kilometres (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2002: 136). The paper examined the key factors contributing to these threats to the natural environment. They have also taken a much more proactive (acting in advance to deal with an unexpected difficulty) approach to waste management. Domoto, Akiko. Also, considered in the context of its long period of human occupation and very high population density, it might be suggested that it is remarkable that Japan has retained as much of its natural environments as it has.2, The state of Japan’s natural environments and wildlife.

Link. As a result, species of freshwater fish that need to migrate for breeding purposes have declined significantly (OECD 2002: 136). PlanetArk.

n.d.  Japanese forests. More than 100 fires are ablaze in New South Wales and Victoria states, many of which ... Six dead as Cyclone Bulbul smashes into Indian, Bangladeshi coasts. Preserving the nation’s virgin forests. The purpose of the law is “to protect birds and mammals, to increase populations of birds and mammals, and to control pests through the implementation of wildlife protection projects and hunting controls”. Link. Concrete "tetrapods" on the Fukushima coast, used to minimise erosion (Mike Beddall photograph). A drifting world fair: cultural politics of environment in the local/global context of contemporary Japan. The country's lowest temperature this year — 4.5 degrees Celsius (40.1° Fahrenheit) — was recorded early Sunday in Tetulia, a border town in the north of ... Australian firefighters burn grasslands to minimize looming wildfire risk. Emergency on 'lucky island': Iki Island seeks to lead Japan's fight against the climate crisis. "Modernity, Water, and the Environment in Japan", in William M. Tsutsui, ed, A Companion to Japanese History, Blackwell Companions to World History, Malden, Ma, USA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. It was carried out despite the fact that the original reason for the project had lost all relevance—to reclaim land for farming, at a time when Japan was experiencing an over-production of rice, and farmers were being paid to keep fields fallow (Lies 2001)—and in the face of widespread national and international opposition.

Knight, John. As a young person, I Her research focuses on New Zealand and Japanese environmental history. thanks a bunch mate. Catherine Knight is an independent researcher, who is employed by day as an environmental policy analyst. Subsequent to the law being enacted, a limited number of areas were designated as “wilderness areas” and “nature conservation areas”, affording more protection than national park areas. This leads to culling of “nuisance bears”: on average, more than 2,000 bears are culled annually (of an overall estimated population of between 10,000 and 15,000), though in years of high levels of bear damage, a far greater number are culled. For example, the black bass, which can grow to 87 centimetres in length and weigh up to 10 kilograms, was introduced in 1925 and has now spread throughout Japan’s waterways. Victory! While recent legislation heightens the profile of nature conservation and its importance, it remains largely ineffective without adequate staff, skills and resources to carry out effective wildlife management programmes. However, monitoring compliance is largely the responsibility of volunteers called chōju hogoiin (wildlife conservators), the majority of whom are selected from local hunting associations (ryōyūkai)9 (Yoshida 2004: personal communication), a system in which there is obvious potential conflict of interest. Retrieved July 4, 2008. Requests from prefectural or local governments to designate scenic areas in their regions as national or quasi-national parks also intensified, and areas designated as new quasi-national parks or incorporated into existing national parks increased. 5(3), 297–308. AsiaWeek.com.

McCormack, Gavan. 2006.

In 1957, the Natural Parks Law was enacted, establishing regulations for the various national parks, and forming the basis of the current natural park system (see Table 1).

Given the pervasiveness of these underlying factors, the outlook for Japan’s remaining natural environments appears bleak. For example, exhaust emissions from the large number of tourist buses which travel the Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine Route in northern Honshu is reported to have caused damage to the beech forest along the route (Ishikawa 2001: 199). Exemplifying these problems is Izu national park. Bowring, R. and Kornicki, P.,  eds. 1994, 30, 3; Hazumi 1999: 208; Maita 1998: 38–44; Knight 2003). Furthermore, until recently there has been no law requiring environmental impact assessments to be carried out before development occurs in national parks (or any other area of ecological significance for that matter).13 In the past, attempts have been made by the Environmental Agency (now the MOE) to strengthen the law governing the establishment and management of national parks, but these have been thwarted by the Forestry Agency and the former Ministry of Construction (now part of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport), which did not want their powers to manage the parks weakened (Natori 1997: 555). The situation of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus (Japonicus)) illustrates this relationship between habitat destruction and increased culling. These solar farms ... Thousands evacuated after Philippines' Taal volcano sends up ash cloud. There was a complex network of fast-flowing rivers across the archipelago, feeding into numerous lakes. Retrieved March 18, 2004. A section of the 7 km long sluice-gate across Isahaya Bay. 14 Though it is too early to tell what implications this will have for nature conservation policy in Japan, the early signals in terms of the new government’s position on environmentally destructive construction projects been positive.

Anon. WWF Japan urges restoration of Isahaya Bay. Her doctoral thesis explored the human relationship with the Asiatic black bear through Japanese history [available here]. Japan 2030: Tackling climate issues is key to the next decade. Lies, Elaine. Anon. Link. Link. Japan Quarterly.

Bottom: Now - the “estuary barrage” at the mouth of the river (Wikipedia). As can be seen, an array of problems undermines the conservation function of national parks in Japan. This makes them vulnerable to being culled as agricultural and forestry pests. The Amami black rabbit is an endangered species endemic to the southern Amami Islands (there are estimated to be only 1,000 rabbits remaining). Nature in the mind of Japan. 30(3), 11–17. It has been suggested that Japan’s natural park management policy unduly emphasises the preservation of scenic beauty, with little regard for ecological preservation (Natori 1997: 552; Ishikawa 2001: 196–198; McCormack 1996: 96).

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