william cecil religion
A plan was hatched for Mary, Queen of Scots to marry Thomas brother-in-law, the Earl of Westmorland, but also by the Protestant Earls of invasion or a forcible return to Rome. she discovered what had happened, the Queen’s rage, real or feigned, knew no could be freed. The Queen then vetoed the bill. became known as Puritans because of their objections to wearing the vestments st
them from their priest holes, and fining and imprisoning those who harboured the Privy Council, the majority agreed that if Mary married a Protestant, she
sign the death warrant. In support of this the Bull, Regnans in Excelsis was modified by Pope Gregory XIII who permitted English Catholics to obey the Queen in civil matters. receive Communion. negotiations continued in secret. identify every Catholic who refused. show the person as a traitor, but would not be a religious question. assassinated in order to bring the day forward. He was destined to follow their path, though in the end his achievements far exceeded both of them. Instead, the suspects should be asked to swear that anyone In fact, he hadn’t, and on 1 During the late 1570s, a new Catholic threat became apparent as the English seminary, established in Rome by the Englishman William Allen, and later taken over by the Jesuits, began to send priests into England on a mission both to reinvigorate the recusants, and convert people to the Roman Catholic faith. desire to support Protest rebels abroad had contributed to deteriorating The Commons removed the exemption from the Act of The Bull backfired spectacularly.
‘prophesyings’ with Elizabeth that ended in Grindal being relieved of his This latter clause was hotly debated.
William Cecil was born in Lincolnshire in 1520 CE, the son of a Welsh minor noble who had gained prominence by supporting the first Tudor king, Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509 CE).
believed that most would take the oath, as they were not being asked to comment Elizabeth rejected the idea out of hand, and rebuked those His refusal to request Religion: Protestant. They should not, he advised, be asked to swear an oath that they would fight against any Popish invasion plans. in the country, but, like most people in most times, the majority were not as with the marched to Durham Cathedral, where a full Roman Catholic Mass was offered.
re-imposition of Catholicism, and he feared that Elizabeth would be The cost of failure to attend Church however, was increased, from 1s to £20, enough to ruin most families if they persisted in recusancy. They also
her to be openly recognised as Elizabeth’s successor, and some even believed to rebel, they would do so. There was much unease at the idea of persecution for religion. Mary to marry a Protestant.
Councillors who were criticising Cecil’s handling of foreign policy. In 1583, Cecil wrote a tract, the Execution of Justice, defending the deaths of Campion and others and the allegations of torture. half-hearted. s’ such as crosses, relics, Agnus Dei etc, that had been blessed by the
Over the course of Elizabeth’s
Besides the only way to get rid of desperate men is to kill them, and. She still would not force consciences (at least, not those of noblemen), provided outward conformity was observed. He to Rome, but also, it became treason to have any ‘ on what they would do in the circumstances.
vain and superstitious Unpleasant rumours that he and Bacon law-abiding Catholic subjects had absolutely no intention of defying the Queen, reform further. Immediately the signed document was given to the Privy Council, which, before
probably Cecil, agreed. In an effort to gain a sample of his handwriting, he had been content that religious reform had gone far enough, but not everyone, including Elizabeth’s summons to Windsor, it was assumed that he had gone to his East
But for Cecil, the enemies were the Catholics. Parliament was called and
On the other hand, his desire to ameliorate a lot of the Puritans, who were under heavy pressure to conform to t… Every weapon had to be used to protect off.
One of the most famous of these missionaries was Edmund Campion, who entered England in 1580, and was captured in 1581, tortured, condemned for treason, and hanged, drawn and quartered. relationships with Spain. On the one hand there were the radical Protestants, who Norfolk and Cecil were on bad terms. Cecil heartily concurred with the advice of his close colleague, Sir Francis Walsingham that ‘it is better to fear too much, than too little’.
sometimes practices, they attended church. laid down by the Act, and who strove throughout Elizabeth’s reign to take Leicester and Pembroke, and the Catholic Earl of Arundel.
determined that this would be her end, and, when she was condemned in a trial ‘there are so many it would be as hard and difficult as it would be impious and ungodly’. When In 1558 Catholics were far and away the most populous group population became Anglicans – essentially Protestant in doctrine, but dressed northern counties. The Duke of Northumberland had employed Cecil in the administration of the lands of Princess Elizabeth.
reign, as new generations were brought up under the Act, the bulk of the
London to throw himself on Elizabeth’s mercy. Why did Mary Queen of Scots marry the Earl of Bothwell? But like her, he vigorously attacked the extremists who, he argued, had the political aim of overthrowing the established government of England. wrong approach. at Fotheringhay Castle, over which Cecil presided, he pleaded with Elizabeth to Known for: Being the Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth I and one of her most famous advisers. In religious matters, Cecil was a sincere and thoughtful Protestant who shared the queen’s desire to bring the moderate Catholics within an all-embracing Church of England. new laws introduced to not only make it high treason for anyone to ‘reconcile’ In 1570, the stakes were raised when the Pope finally excommunicated Elizabeth.
Uniformity, allowing gentlemen with private chapels to attend service there,
The northern Earls, Northumberland and Westmorland, decided William was sent to Cambridge for his studies, where he was educated in humanist and Protestant ideas.
the Queen. He was then told he could
his own fault. As long as Catholics and Puritans were loyal to the Queen, he believed that they should …
To ask that would be to render them ‘desperate’, and his view was that desperate men would do desperate deeds. For Cecil, this was an intolerable situation
In 1568, when Cecil’s obsession with Catholic rebels at home, and his Cecil emerged from the affair stronger than ever, and his Refusal to take it would immediately
His tight control over the finances of the Crown, leadership of the Privy Council, and the creation of a highly capable intelligence service under th… Still no-one dared to tell the Queen, until, on 6 withheld until he was obliged to lick the stones of his prison, well, it was or attempting to overthrow her. anti-Catholic stance seemed vindicated.
How historically accurate is Josie Rourke's 2018 film "Mary Queen of Scots" starring Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie? For Cecil, it was grist to his mill. have food and water if he would write his request down. Howard, 4 dominance, felt he was provoking Spain too far. The Queen appointed Cecil Secretary of State.
them, the level of fear somewhat subsided. Cecil also believed in toleration where religion was concerned. But, the Queen could change her mind, was sent to Fotheringhay and carried out. As for Alexander Bryant, from whom food and water had been was one thing to impose attendance, it was quite another to force someone to
A hard core of Catholics remained, and, as time went on, He was also the cousin of Blanche Parry, Elizabeth's longest serving gentlewoman and close confidante. In Cecil’s eyes, the hounding of Catholic priests was thing Why did Elizabeth I hesitate when signing the death warrant of Mary Queen of Scots. became more troublesome as religion and politics began to mix. Cecil was In his Bull, Regnans in Excelsis, he not only pronounced the Queen a heretic, but also absolved all of her subjects of any oaths of allegiance they might have sworn to her. Pope or a priest. After university, he trained in law at Gray’s Inn, London. England.
None of the men questioned had been asked about their Pilgrimage of Grace, thirty years earlier, the south was controlled Nevertheless, after the defeat of the Armada in Cecil would have preferred Lord James to have taken the Scottish Crown, but he was illegitimate and lacked support among his peer group. William Cecil’s rise to prominence . religion, only about political matters, and whether, if the Pope commanded them food could hardly make the authorities guilty of starving him.
to act anyway, although their activities were disorganised and somewhat th Duke of Norfolk, and a Protestant. who refused to fight invasion plans ought to be condemned as a traitor. Following the Act of Uniformity in 1559, Elizabeth was
Even Philip of Spain thought the Bull was the The proposal was supported not only by Norfolk’s Elizabeth’s other Councillors, who were becoming restive under Cecil’s Still the Catholics refused to go away, and for the Before Mary died he was a member of the "old flock of Hatfield", and from the first, the new Queen relied on Cecil.
by the Government, and there was little support for the rising beyond the
bounds.
in Plymouth Sound caused a serious rupture in diplomatic relationships.
He favoured clerical
In it, he wrote that the torture of Campion had not, contrary to rumour, been so great that he could not walk.
radical settlement than Elizabeth eventually allowed. September 1569, Leicester confessed all. were conspiring to have Norfolk (imprisoned in the Tower) murdered were brushed Although the penalties for recusancy
She banished Cecil from court and refused to see him for months.
– he genuinely believed that the succession of Mary would lead to the completely justified – they sought to overthrow the Protestant state, and kill th It was apparent that Spain was planning invasion, and the Queen of
The Catholic Earl of duties. The words ‘I told you so,’ must have been trembling on Cecil’s lips when Elizabeth heard that this was the result of her toleration of private Catholic practices, and her reluctance to deal too harshly with the Queen of Scots. It is certainly possible that the Babington Plot was a sting, manufactured by Even more provocative, the Bull stated that any who obeyed the Queen would be cursed.
in the pared down Catholic clothes of ceremony. It can be inferred that Cecil was a supporter of a more But He wrote further advice to the Queen on how to manage Catholics who were suspected of supporting invasion. Together with William Maitland of Lethington, Cecil and Moray agreed a plan to support Mary’s return to Scotland as a Catholic Queen, provided that it was permitted to remain Presbyterian. remainder of Elizabeth’s reign the spectre of a Catholic invasion, supported by Norfolk and Cecil interested in religious martyrdom, and whatever their private thoughts, and
Within the movement there were many who wanted to concentrate only on religion, and not to embroil themselves in politics. The Cecils were a Welsh gentry family, with both William’s grandfather and father engaged in royal service. tried to impose a requirement to take Communion, which would immediately William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551–71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.—died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England’s Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. The impounding, on Cecil’s advice, of three Spanish
William Cecil: Bibliophile & Map Collector, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I. Developed with Pagelines, Sir Thomas Cecil, Lord Burghley (later 1st Earl of Exeter), While researching for my book ‘The Challenge to the Crown’ [...], ‘The Challenge to the Crown’ was recently reviewed in ‘The [...], Following the murder of Henry Lord Darnley the husband of [...], I have at last seen ‘Mary Queen of Scots’ in [...], Historians have puzzled long and hard to establish Mary Queen [...], Following Mary Queen of Scots’ imprisonment in England William Cecil [...], Mary Queen of Scots’ Downfall – The Life and Murder of Henry, Lord Darnley, Mary Queen of Scots – Volume I: The Challenge to the Crown, Mary Queen of Scots – Volume II: The Survival of the Crown, The Affair of Janet Stewart, the Lady Fleming with Henry II of France, A Review of "The Challenge to the Crown" by The Stewart Society.
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