Toxic as well as nuclear wastes, for example, can be identified as polluting, and if owners of firms dealing with these would act in a proper fashion, they would have to confine their operations to areas where others are left unharmed. Inviolate Property Rights Natural rights theory rests, essentially, on the idea that it is possible for us to understand human nature and to derive from this understanding, together with our knowledge of the world around us, what would be the proper conditions for social life. The success of capitalism and other factors have resulted into more people chasing after fewer resources than ancient days. But as things are now in many familiar circumstances, pollution is not controllable—or, at any rate, deemed too expensive to contain—in this way. Regions might wage a war against each other in the fight for survival in order to have control over water resources and fertile crop land. This is the crux of the matter. Capitalism assures that neither the tyranny of a hero leader nor of a majority will threaten individual rights. For example, air pollution occurs when people dump materials into the air which others don’t want there and which harm others or put them at risk of harm. Relationship between Capitalism and the global environment

This sort of pollution might be handled, first of all, through what we might call preventive market measures—for example, insurance premiums against the possibility of court suits for liability, or liability bonds. How does capitalism address the problem of environmental pollution? Stationary sources placed on (or non-stationary sources which move to) another’s property without the consent of the owner is the most difficult category. 1. (Such a society wouldn’t carry the ridiculously lenient policies on bankruptcy now afoot virtually everywhere, policies that engender wholesale irresponsibility in business and industry.) Green Capitalism 4 Capitalism and Pollution

While some destitute people no doubt exist in any society, the fundamental issue is whether this is a political matter at all. Pollution, in turn, is a type of dumping, namely, one that occurs in connection with the public realm, as when a chemical firm pours harmful wastes into a public lake or the atmosphere. Aside from the problematic nature of “rights” of nonexisting (future) persons—which would not be invoked in the capitalist framework since a mere potential, nonexisting person cannot haveactual, existing, and binding rights-future owners of private property could manage the problems of contained “pollution” under contract law—for example, deed covenants running with the land. But the bottom line is that there is no basic right to welfare, since lack of well-being is not a uniquely social problem but rather a problem of living itself. Wherever activities resulting in pollution cannot be carried out without injury to third (non-consenting) parties, such activities have to be prohibited as inherently in violation of the rights of members of the community.

We may treat as pollution any form of objectively unwanted harmful by-product of human action that is not confined to an area or location but is disbursed so it may intrude on unidentifiable other persons.

But as things are now in many familiar circumstances, pollution is not controllable—or, at any rate, deemed too expensive to contain—in this way. Workplace pollution would raise the issue of workers’ rights, but in a capitalist framework these, too, would be recognized and protected by contract law, including laws regarding fraud and “assumption of risk.” Essentially, then, any stationary source of pollution would be dealt with in the way familiar to us in connection with the operations of the free market system of economic and legal affairs—that is, the system of individual private property rights would guide the conduct of members of the society. Capitalism, by contrast, proclaims the ultimate moral significance of the lives of individuals, and it proposes a social order in which the negative rights of individuals are the primary guidelines for public policy.

If the natural rights theory which underlies the capitalist political economy has solid foundations in moral theory, and if the moral theory supporting it is rationally superior to its competitors, then the capitalist system is clearly superior to its alternatives.

Poverty requires solutions from individuals, by themselves or in voluntary cooperation with others. (Of course, neither is, for example, the Soviet Union a fully socialist society—plenty of low-key capitalist endeavors prevail there and are, indeed, not only legally tolerated but encouraged.) Nor does it guarantee that all values sought by members of human communities would be best secured via such a system—for example, technological progress in outer space travel might be enhanced by not paying heed to the strict liability provisions of the natural rights capitalist legal system.

4. Essentially, the normative capitalism that gained its classic statement in Locke’s works derives the system of justice for human community life from the political principles of natural rights. So what would a consistently administered capitalist political economy mean for the problem of environmental pollution? Civilization and Earth. We need not be able to tell who will contract the disease before we can justify limiting the carrier’s liberty. The airborne contaminates from Birmingham’s smokestacks can end in New England’s lakes. Here there is ample room for reflection but it seems that the earlier mentioned policy of quarantine could be employed to handle the most troublesome cases. Even if some region of the country would experience an extensive economic downturn as a result of the prohibition of air or water pollution, for example, that is no reason to allow the pollution to continue. There would be some problems with abandoned property, which no one consents to take over, and with bankruptcies, where the owner is incapable of meeting liabilities.

Capitalism—or as some prefer to call it, the free market system—is the socio-economic arrangement of communities which aims to preserve, enhance, and protect the ideals mentioned above, primarily, its proponents believe, because only with such a system in force is it possible for human beings both to live in dignity and fully pursue their happiness. 1.

In morality and politics, and thus in public policy as well, there can be some very general answers that are stable enough, ones that apply to human life, so long as there is such an identifiably stable phenomenon as human life. Like the Lockean defense, the utilitarian support involves certain values—even though most of those who advance it like to de-emphasize the fact and insist that they are advancing a “value-free” defense. Stationary sources of pollution contained within the boundaries of the polluter% own property present no insurmountable problem to capitalism. See Joseph P. Martino, “Inheriting the Earth,” Reason, November 1982, pp. Wherever activities resulting in pollution cannot be carried out without injury to third (non-consenting) parties, such activities have to be prohibited as inherently in violation of the rights of members of the community.



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